It characterizes health effects according to their nature, direction, intensity, magnitude, distribution, timing and duration, and likelihood. Saving Lives, Protecting People. Document No. Although little has been written on the reasons for keeping HIA information confidential, the committee recognizes that there may be reasons for organizations conducting HIAs to decide not to disclose the results. HIAs can be conducted by a variety of agencies, organizations, or individuals. Another categorization is based on the breadth of the HIA and distinguishes HIAs that have a tight focussuch as ones that use a narrow definition of health and emphasize quantification from HIAs that have a broader, holistic focus shaped by the social determinants of health (Kemm 2001). Bhatia R, Farhang L, Gaydos M, Gilhuly K, Harris-Roxas B, Heller J, Lee M, McLaughlin J, Orenstein M, Seto E, St Pierre L, Tamburrini AL, Wernham A, Wier M. Bhatia R, Branscomb J, Farhang L, Lee M, Orenstein M, Richardson M. Birley M. Health Impact Assessment in multinationals: A case study of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group. The core issues that are commonly addressed are as follows: Some HIA guides recommend using a matrix, such as those shown in Tables 3-2 and 3-3, to characterize effects (Harris et al. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were used for the county and the state and stratified by race. Health impact assessment: A tool for healthy public policy. Failure to disclose HIA results and incomplete disclosure are not restricted to industry. Parry JM, Kemm JR. Scoping considers input from many sources, including preliminary literature searches, public input, and professional or expert opinion in fields relevant to the proposal. National Public Health Performance Standards Program, National Center for State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Public Health Infrastructure and Workforce, SDOH Research by CDC Authors: Frequently Asked Questions, Examples of How the SDOH Can Be Addressed Through the 10 Essential Public Health Services, Performance Management & Quality Improvement, National Public Health Improvement Initiative, National Public Health Performance Standards, Public Health Finance and Infrastructure Support, Competencies for Public Health Professionals, National Leadership Academy for the Public's Health, Supporting the Performance Improvement Workforce, Alerts About Current & Projected Funding Opportunities, Cooperative Agreements, Grants & Partnerships, Strengthening Public Health Systems & Services, USAPI Strengthening Public Health Systems & Services, Integrity & Accountability Review Offices, National Health Initiatives, Strategies & Action Plans, State & Territorial Health Department Websites, US Territories & Freely Associated States, Style for Referring to US Territories & Freely Associated States, About the Public Health Infrastructure Center, Implementing the Community Health Needs Assessment Process, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Multisector collaborations that support shared ownership of all phases of community health improvement, including assessment, planning, investment, implementation, and evaluation, Proactive, broad, and diverse community engagement to improve results, A definition of community that encompasses both a significant enough area to allow for population-wide interventions and measurable results, and includes a targeted focus to address disparities among subpopulations, Maximum transparency to improve community engagement and accountability, Use of evidence-based interventions and encouragement of innovative practices with thorough evaluation, Evaluation to inform a continuous improvement process, Use of the highest quality data pooled from, and shared among, diverse public and private sources, Improved organizational and community coordination and collaboration, Increased knowledge about public health and the interconnectedness of activities, Strengthened partnerships within state and local public health systems, Identified strengths and weaknesses to address in quality improvement efforts, Baselines on performance to use in preparing for accreditation, Benchmarks for public health practice improvements. Alternative to a proposal. Although HIA may not always include or provide resources for independent evaluation, more in-depth, independent evaluation will generate more robust conclusions about HIAs effectiveness and best practices in the field and should be given high priority. However, decision-makers are often overwhelmed by today's proliferation of fragmented indicator sets. These 7 components are oftentimes divided into three stages: (1) information, research, and data collection stage, (2) a prioritization and strategy design stage, and (3) an implementation and action stage. As a final note, it is important to remember the context in which HIAs are conducted when considering the recommendations phase. In 1998, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) completed a Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Box 3-2 provides an example of scoping for the HIA of a proposed development in Atlanta. Cancer risk and changes in life expectancy associated with tobacco taxes. The baseline profile also generally draws on data that describe the social, economic, and environmental conditions important to health, such as labor or housing reports, environmental impact assessments, and gray or unpublished data specific to the decision context. As described in Box 3-3, the HIA (more). Assessing the Health Impacts of Road Pricing Policy Proposals. The final HIA report describes each factor (see below) and presents the results of the scoping. Box 3-4 provides several examples of topics that have been addressed in HIA by using quantitative methods. In: Kemm J, Parry J, Palmer S, editors. Fehr R. Environmental health impact assessment: Evaluation of a 10 step model. Efforts to support health-based recommendations must be carefully distinguished from biased efforts to promote a specific outcome or measure on the basis of an incomplete or inaccurately weighted comparison of favorable and unfavorable aspects of a proposal or of a predetermined political agenda. Monitoring focuses on measures that are likely to be sensitive and early indicators of change. The HIA team identified the pathways in which the expansion would affect the lives of the primarily Iupiat residents of the area. Chapter 2 established the rationale for examining the potential effects of decisions on health and health disparities and highlighted health impact assessment (HIA) as a potential tool for assessing the health implications of various decisions. All rights reserved. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). The results of the HIA were presented in different formats; the full report was accompanied by a summary and fact sheets. Since there are different models to guide assessment and planning, as well as a variety of organizations and agencies that carry out these activities, there may be confusion in choosing among approaches. Assignment of significance rests on the characterization of an effect as described above, but judgments regarding what constitutes a significant impact are ultimately determined partly on the basis of social and political values. The cornerstone of an assessment that is conducted to comply with NEPA is the presentation of a set of reasonable alternatives to the proposed action; the assessment then considers the impacts of the proposed action and the alternatives. In some cases, collaboration between a health department and other agencies has resulted in the identification of appropriate proposals for screening. Minimum Elements and Practice Standards for Health Impact Assessment (HIA), Version 2. Benefits include However the literature review is conducted, the methods should be clearly described in the report, and any studies with conflicting results acknowledged. Consortia may wish to adopt consensus definitions of key terms such as population health, community health, and social needs vs. determinants of health, among others. An evaluation report should be produced at the conclusion of the HIA that includes the following: Few HIA evaluation data have been published in the United States and relatively few elsewhere. It includes the production and dissemination of written materials that document the HIA process, methods, findings, recommendations, and limitations of the analysis; and it includes the public dissemination of results through other channels, such as meetings with the public, decision-makers, and other stakeholders. Data and results are measured consistently across participants. The committee concludes that when alternatives to the proposal being assessed are under consideration, the HIA team should assess the impacts of each alternative. The key findings are provided in the opening section of the report, and they are categorized according to the strength of the evidence as highly likely, likely but less well-supported by the available evidence, and plausible, but not well-supported. For example, according to the report, a requirement for paid sick days is highly likely to lead to more workers taking leave to recuperate from an illness, to receive preventive care, or to care for ill children and dependents. The programs and policies, however, may not provide any guidance on how health should be considered (see, for example, Pub. 2010). 2007; Bhatia 2010). Section 1508.27). The final HIA report should document the following: In addition to a final report, stand-alone executive summaries or fact sheets can help to disseminate and communicate the findings and recommendations of an HIA to various key audiences. Identification of the population and vulnerable groupssuch as children, the elderly, racial or ethnic minorities, low-income people, and communities that are likely to be affected. AHA does not claim ownership of any content, including content incorporated by permission into AHA produced materials, created by any third party and cannot grant permission to use, distribute or otherwise reproduce such third party content. Because developing an alternative (such as suggesting an alternate route for a proposed highway) involves many considerations that may be outside the purview and expertise of an HIA team, the committee recognizes that it may not be practical to expect the HIA team to develop alternatives independently. It is not reasonable to expect decision-makers to adopt HIA widely in the absence of evidence of its effectiveness and value. In 1998, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) completed a Northeast National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). In practice, however, explicit consideration of health has been rare (Steinemann 2000; Cole et al. The Association for Community Health ImprovementsCommunity Health Assessment Toolkitoffers a nine-step pathway for conducting a CHA and developing implementation strategies. A Review Package for Health Impact Assessment Reports of Development Projects. For that reason, it is important that scoping begin with a systematic consideration of all potential effects rather than limiting consideration to a subset of issues predetermined by the teams research interests or regulatory requirements. Jagannathan R, Camasso MJ, Sambamoorthi U. The HIA drew on public testimony, literature review, and accepted mechanisms of health and illness to establish the scope of health concerns that should be considered. The Affordable Care Act requires all nonprofit hospitals to complete a community health needs assessment (CHNA) process every three years. Iteration during scoping and between scoping and assessment often results in additional changes in the final list of issues included in the HIA. Sources of information used in a baseline profile might include census data, hospital-discharge records, disease registries, and population and behavior surveys, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, in which information is collected on different geographic scales. Influences on practice include the timeline, resources and skills available to the HIA team, the factors being considered and the data available for analysis, and the legal and regulatory context of the decision-making process. Morgan RK. Incomplete disclosure may substantially limit access to complete information regarding the process, data sources, methods, and findings of an HIA for those who will be affected by the proposal being assessed (McHugh et al.