neavs org biomedical research neavs org biomedical research

Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. In practice, however, this is an unequal struggle. CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches make it possible to rather easily modify virtually any gene, or to create inactivated or deleted genes (knockouts) or to introduce genes of interest into the genome (knockins). I thank the many practitioners of NHP-based research with whom I had conversations over many years at the NIH. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the She was elected NEAVS' first woman president in 1998. Dudley WebBiomedical Research. WebContact Who is Neavs Headquarters 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States Phone Number (617) 523-6020 Website www.releasechimps.org 2016). , Bales KL, Capitanio JP, Conley A, Czoty PW, tHart BA, Hopkins WD, Hu SL, Miller LA, Nader MA, Nathanielsz PW, Rogers J, Shively CA, Voytko ML. John Capitanio describes research that identifies individual rhesus macaques housed at the California NPRC that can be used as models for loneliness, behavioral inhibition, and social functioning, among others. (2017) have reported sequencing of several additional rhesus, which can be used to further refine the rhesus genome assembly and allow new inferences about rhesus genome organization and potential for identifying disease genes in captive populations. In these 3 Rs alternative successful approaches to testing consumer products have been created. Arrowsmith (2008). Therefore, changes in transportation policies by the major airlines have been inhibitory, but not disastrous. These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. F The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. Kilkenny Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. Z These include: the expense of isolating oocytes or embryos from NHPs and the small numbers of these biological materials that can be obtained from any given female; the long generation time of NHPs relative to rodents (months or years rather than weeks); expense associated with maintaining colonies of genetically modified animals; and the relatively small numbers of laboratories that have command of all the technologies necessary for successful generation and propagation of mutant animals. Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. , Liesz A. Manolio As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. This article discusses the development of preclinical NHP models, tests of potential therapies, and methods for neuroprotection. JA Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Spring 2005. Underpinning all of these studies is the close similarity in physiology between the NHP and human respiratory systems. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. NHP centers are therefore foci for developing improvements in experimental techniques, animal welfare, and breeding in addition to their function as suppliers of animals. 2009). In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials. <> NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. . However, this is often done with limited success, because many human diseases do not naturally occur in the animals used. Founded by Ethel Thurston, PhD, in 1977, AFAAR's mission is to "promote and assist the development and use of alternatives to animals in science." Animal research is generally recognized to be costly, time-consuming, and unreliable, and much of this research is neither appropriate nor applicable to humans. They also discuss early experiments using chimpanzees, which, while unsuccessful in themselves, provided information that was useful for development of the SIV-macaque animal model. Our mission is to provide an opportunity for the Northern New England Sonographers, not just vascular, but all sonographers a means for continuing medical educational programs and sharing of opportunities for growth. , Callaway EM, Churchland P, Caddick SJ, Feng G, Homanics GE, Lee K-F, Leopold DA, Miller CT, Mitchell JF, Mitalipov S, Moutri AR, Movshon JA, Okano H, Reynolds, JH, Ringach D, Sejnowski TJ, Silva AC, Strick PL, Wu J, Zhang F. Bimber [48], In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. The purpose of mentioning them is to acknowledge that there are potential alternatives to NHPs and other animal models. [29] Soon after, other organizations allied with NEAVS and after a decade of advocacy the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. NEAVS also makes lifetime care commitments to animals in sanctuary and helped support the formation of the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance.[58]. harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. Neeves, D.M. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). WebThe National Gene Vector Biorepository. , Pang W, Agui T, Lee BH. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, WebThe NIH announces an end to funding biomedical research on chimpanzees and that all federally-owned chimpanzees are eligible for retirement to sanctuary, 2015. These articles are briefly described as follows. Kanthaswamy M Foreman Marr, K.B. [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j _^=_z E(s5|'soa nA^%S$(LCgz`{` i#i~\Pg9 In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. I will confine this discussion to the United States, although similar considerations also obtain in Europe. . KA This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. 3 0 obj WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Typically, they rely on animal models, research subjects that mimic a specific malady. Sasaki , Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang O, Kang XZ, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, The Critical Role of NHPs in Translational Research, National Association for Biomedical Research 2016, https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/02/nih-review-its-policies-all-nonhuman-primate-research, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.100412, https://fbresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/NHP-White-Paper-Print-08-22-16.pdf, https://www.oar.nih.gov/strategic_plan/fy2018/OAR_18_StrategicPlan_P10_508.pdf, http://www.nature.com/news/nih-to-retire-all-research-chimpanzees-1.18817, https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committee/scheer/docs/scheer_o_004.pdf, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. (2014), and Van Rompay (2017). The authors cite several examples of the use of NHP models to validate therapies in humans. Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks) Want updates when NEAVS has new information, or want to find more organizations like Rise for Animals (NEAVS)? . The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical [30], Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries. endobj This could facilitate, for example, identification of potentially deleterious gene variants present in the heterozygous state that can be developed into homozygous animal models of specific human diseases, particularly for Mendelian (single gene) diseases. Cox AS NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. (5) Design of primers for assays that utilize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for genetic modification using CRISPR/Cas9 or other techniques for developing genetically modifying animals. Additionally, a large number of scientists use genetic engineering (i.e., inserting, deleting, or otherwise altering the function of genes) or physical, chemical, and/or biological means to cause human conditions or symptoms in animals, creating models who may exhibit human diseases. JP The Author(s) 2017. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are the closest animal models to humans regarding genetics, physiology and behavior. In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. Michael Mustari reviews the use of NHP models aimed at understanding the causes of and ameliorating conditions that lead to blindness or lack of visual acuity in humans, including problems of eye alignment (strabismus), lazy eye (amblyopia), unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical 2010). Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. These prevalent diseases include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and defects in vision, among others. , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin WebThe NADL (later renamed the National Animal Disease Center, or NADC) contained research and regulatory laboratories. Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. Our vision is to use engineering science to discover mechanisms that regulate blood disorders and innate immunity, and to exploit those mechanisms to develop diagnostic and drug delivery technologies. The website for the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) includes short discussions of the use of NHPs to study several different diseases (https://www.nprcresearch.org). These nations have made major efforts to increase the supply of NHPs available to researchers in their domestic institutions and to enhance infrastructure to breed animals and perform large scale investigations, including genomic analysis (see Harding 2017 for selected references) and development of new NHP disease models using Assisted Reproductive Technologies (see, e.g., Chen et al. WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. Havel A further feature of the process of translation is that it is often cyclical. CROs may both breed and import animals, where importation is possible. Considering animals as mere research tools, an entire industry has been built around supplying animals to laboratories. The ability to lower costs, develop more cost-effective sequencing technologies and more sophisticated phenotyping assays, and increase coordination and cooperation among centers will likely be needed to realize this potential. (2016). Natural differences in physiology, metabolism, and anatomy between humans and other animals lead to very different reactions to various stimuli. NHPs are critical for translational research and are sometimes the only relevant animal models because of their close genetic, physiological, and behavioral similarity to humans versus other animals, such as rodents. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. [4] He has been described as "the founding father of the modern animal protection movement. K This review also briefly discusses approaches such as gene therapy, stem cell-based technologies, neuro-prosthetics, and optogenetics that can be used to restore retinal function, leading to amelioration of retinal diseases. Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. These conditions are correlated with negative health outcomes in humans, including development of autism and asthma. The literature cites many instances where NHPs have not been used and in which investigators have relied only on information from other models, particularly rodents. . China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). If the three-stage model of human translational research is used as a reference (Rubio et al. Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). ESEC's mission is to "end the harmful use of animals at all levels of science education" by providing resources and services that support alternatives to the use of animals in education, specifically the use of animals in terminal labs, live animal demonstrations, training courses, and dissection. 2013). Chan Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost. Read more about what to send here. Domestic breeding colonies of animals, originally of Asian origin, such as rhesus (Macaca mulata), pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, and NHPs of African origin, baboons (Papio sp.) Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Y For many years, the United States has been the center of gravity for breeding and characterizing NHPs for preclinical research, with some breeding in Europe. [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. A therapy or vaccine may, in its first application to humans, provide only partial efficacy or may raise critical questions that can only be answered by going back to animal models. [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. A , Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. As discussed by Hewitt et al. Identified 4 new grant, including a grant for, American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED), Supporters of Agricultural Research Foundation, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Private Foundation Excise Taxes on Undistributed Income, Gifts from Private Foundations to Donor Advised Funds, Interim Executive Director / Director of Development, Director of Government Relations and Policy, Net gain from sale of non-inventory assets. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. . They emphasize advantages of NHP preclinical models relative to other animals, particularly rodents. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Harding at. If passed, GAPSCA would retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary and phase out the use of great apes in biomedical research. Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. The winner of the contest, Joseph Greene of Dorchester, Massachusetts, later reached out to lawyer and doctor Philip Peabody, one of the contest judges, with the idea of forming an anti-vivisection society. Chimpanzees are the only animal model that can be used to test strategies for prevention or amelioration of Hepatis B and C and are the most useful model for Hepatitis A. WebNEAVS was nominated in the public awareness category for our Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign (releasechimps.org). Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 05, 2013 -- The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, and its affiliate, the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), New York, continue their legacy of supporting scientists committed to non-animal research with the launch of their 2014-15 Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to WebAbout NNEVS. All Rights Reserved. WebNEW ENGLAND ANtI-VIVISECtIoN SoCIEtY Phone: Fax: Email: 617.523.6020 617.523.7925 info@neavs.org presidents Annual Message support to end chimpanzee use in biomedical research, our work has, as importantly, set the stage for arguments regard-ing the use of all species. Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). They point out that NHPs are more similar to humans than are rodents in a number of aspects of energy metabolism, including the major site of de novo lipogenesis (liver vs. adipose tissue), major classes of circulating lipoproteins, and the physiology of thermogenesis and insulin-mediated glucose utilization. . <> , Locke P. Veazey Promising approaches for developing immunogens and adjuvants must now be reapplied to NHP models to develop more efficacious vaccines that can then be retested in humans. Prinz Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. Lanford Optimal health of animals is also a component of experimental reproducibility. , Walker C, Lemon S. Liu An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. American Anti-Vivisection Society 2023. Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. 2016), microcephaly (Ke et al. Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. , Johnson Z, Trask JS, Smith DG, Ramakrishnan R, Bahk G, Ng J, Wiseman R, Kubisch HM, Vallender EJ, Rogers J, Ferguson B. Ke McGinley The regulatory laboratories provided diagnostic services for G Herson, D.W.M. In 1981 NEAVS and its sister organization the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funded research at Tufts University Medical School for an alternative to the Draize test,[10][11] which applies chemicals such as pesticides, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to the eyes of rabbits. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. Details of these alternative approaches are outside the purview of this review. One response by some researchers and funding agencies aimed at increasing the reproducibility and decreasing the cost of translational studies has been to develop alternatives to the use of whole animals, such as cell lines, artificial tissue arrays (tissues on a chip), in silico modeling, and micro-dosing of pharmaceuticals in human patients and volunteer controls.