kankanaey culture and tradition kankanaey culture and tradition

The liblibayan and an-antipakao spirits live in sitios where there are people, while the penten inhabit rivers, springs, and other water bodies. One was given the task of performing the caao. During the American occupation, they were the primary choice, as the local elite, for filling up high positions in the colonial bureaucracy. But this parental arrangement can be set aside anytime by the children when they come of age. In the Bicol region, there are 2,291 Kakanaey in Aurora; 953 in Camarines Norte; and 1,429 in Sorsogon. Next to Kabunian is a descending order of lesser gods and spirits. With the most primitive equipment, the Kankanaey miners dug deep into the mountains, broke rocks by heating then dashing cold water onto them, and carried the ore outside where they milled it. Flora and fauna are represented by the sopo, which resemble flowers, and the kulibangbang, which resembles butterflies. On the other hand, the Kankanaey and Ibaloy shared the mineral deposits of Suyoc, Tabio, Acupan and Antamok. The aklang is the womans cotton blouse: white, short sleeved, and collarless, open in front but buttoned up at the upper end. Sida: A living Kankana-ey tradition Read Next. The people themselves stopped mining and kept the location of their gold mines a secret. These are of various types: Baknao, in which the diviner makes use of a coconut shell filled with water. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. These duties include maintaining and enhancing the status of the family name by successful management of the inherited and acquired property, making the fields and the livestock productive, overseeing the work and securing the welfare of dependents, preparing to host a bayas feast by saving up their resources, and conserving these traditions for the sake of the next generation. However, the more ancient northern Kankanaey were called Lepanto Igorot by the Spanish colonizers. [8] The funeral ritual of the Southern Kankana-eys lasts up to ten days, when the family honors their dead by chanting dirges and vigils and sacrificing a pig for each day of the vigil. The settlements in the south seem to belong to the historic period, as evidenced by the small acreage built for rice terrace culture. A History of the Mountain Province by Howard T. Fry . The mountain farmer Delnagen courted her, but Bangan politely rejected him. Aguilar-Cario, Ma. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot by Carmencita Cawed (1972). Dallas: SIL International. Religious Beliefs and Rituals of the Northern Kankana-ey The religion of the Northern Kankana-eys is the worship of ancestors and nature spirits with whom they need to be on excellent terms and which they are careful not to offend. They are part of the collective group of indigenous people known as the Igorot people. Proof is the extensiveness of their rice terraces, which must have taken a considerable period to build. They invited everyone on both sides, including Delnagen. In a way, leadership was exercised by the manpudpud because they directed the actions of people and mandated the proper social activities to be undertaken so that social harmony could be restored through the banishment of illness. Swinging songs are rather short and are sung by men or women. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering the arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. Philippine Mythology. The supernatural world of the Kankanaey is replete with male and female god figures, as well as spirit-beings who comprise a hierarchy of deities under one supreme entity called Kabunian, creator of all beings and living things in the world. However, contemporary Kankanaey society, as elsewhere throughout the Cordillera region, has been undergoing processes of political, economic, social, and cultural change. Mo mansamakmi, abu, mataguay; batong mataguay, din togi mataguay; ta waday panbiagmi. Formal political leadership is a modern-day phenomenon, and it comes in the form of bureaucratic placement in the national-local government system. 2002. [10], Hanging coffins are one of the funerary practices among the Kankanaey people of Sagada, Mountain Province. They make do with whatever inferior food they can avail for themselves or earn their keep by working for others or, as in the case of the Benguet Kankanaey, engage in mine-related activities. Quezon City: GCF Books. Moss, Charles R. 1920. Foreign country music melodies have been adapted for Kankanaey lyrics that may or may not have anything to do with the original. These stories are called kapia (prayer). There is now a thriving business in the sale of these films in Baguio stores, which also sell popular music by Igorot producers. A Kankanaey Igorot from the Cordillera in the Philippines, Minnie Degawan is Director of the Indigenous and Traditional Peoples Program at Conservation International, based at its international headquarters in Virginia, United States. The myth of the origin of things and the way by which the external world is perceived and treated are tightly bound with the worship of the god Kabunian. H. Otley Beyer believed they originated from a migrating group from Asia who landed on the coasts of Pangasinan before moving to Cordillera. . Baguio: Baguio Printing and Publishing. Soon after the ouster of Marcos in 1986, the new president Corazon Aquino signed a peace pact with the Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army (CPLA), an armed group that aimed for regional autonomy founded on the institutionalization of the bodong or peace pact. The color of this material may be blue and white or red, with dark blue designs and red-and-yellow stripes. The apa and the allao, which are dwellings for the less prosperous Kankanaey, are built more simply than the binangiyan. This made one of the two people laugh. So they made a chicken jump by pulling out its feathers. They oversee the strict observance of the traditional practices, customs and traditions of the community, and they are sought for their advice and wise decisions during disputes. Kankanay Social Organization and Culture Change. They believe in the existence of deities, the highest among which is Adikaila of the Skyworld whom they believe created all things. The Bago Ballad of Delnagen and Annusan Lumawig. Philippine Studies 42 (2): 217-246. They also possess Chinese jars (gosi) and copper gongs (gangsa). A resurgence of headhunting occurred for some time until pacification set in under the new American regime in 1902. They would only do so, they said, if the Supreme Being could make them laugh, and thus the two siblings were tricked into marrying each other. The lalakays word carried weight in community life, although not all elderly persons in a village could be acknowledged as a respected elderly person. The opening of a baeg (granary) by a family for rice pounding is an event with its own ritual. Lewis, Paul M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig, eds. 2000. These are good substitutes for rice that could be sliced into thin pieces and added to rice before cooking (kineykey) mixing the sweetness when the rice cooks. 1988. The nuclear family may also include older but unmarried children; aged parents who are too old to look after themselves or their own separated household, or who have become widowed; and close relatives who cannot fend for themselves due to indigence or who have been left alone due to death or divorce. Gold mining, particularly in the Benguet area, determined Kankanaey life in a very basic way. Missions and schools were put up in certain areas. Here are three examples: (A taro at Kamaligan cannot be moistened by rain. Rattan, which used to grow in abundance in forests surrounding Kankanaey villages, is still available and provides the basket makers one of two primary materialsthe other being bamboofor executing intricate, creative, and meticulous designs on their baskets. His tattoos tell not only of his ancestral story, but also his story and his role in society. Negotiations between the government and the CPLA led to the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in July 1987. It's possible that "Aeta" is derived from the Malay term "hitam," which means "black," or from its cousin Kalinga comes from the common noun kalinga, which means enemy, fighter, or headhunter in the Ibanag and Gaddang languages. The northern Kankanaey occupy a region that averages 2,000 meters above sea level. Lawigan is the most popular and persistent of the mythic names. the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the mans fathers field with a female friend. Delnagen recovered and the two men were reconciled. Talaw (Star) is the most popular song of Sendong, a Kankanaey musician from Bakun. They speak Kankanaey with hard intonation and they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. For the southern Kankanaey, the pinading are the mountain spirits; the bilig are the field and forest spirits; and the dagas are the house spirits. The SLT on Bokoh-Making will benefit the youth of Brgy. [9], The Southern Kankana-eys have a long process for courtship and marriage which starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. Sure enough, Delnagen had wasted away. When displeased, these spirits cause stomach aches in human beings. There are two Kankanaey groups: the northern Kankanaey, also called Lepanto Igorot, and the southern Kankanaey. Fiction in the Traditional Kankanay Society by Norma N. Lua [1984]. Its lyrics are set to the melody of Brian Whites Someone Elses Star.. Author/s: Edgardo B. Maranan (1994) / Updated by Gonzalo A. Campoamor II, Rosario Cruz-Lucero, and Ruth Tindaan (2018), URL: https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/1/2/2356/. In the past, this consisted of animals, precious heirloom beads, blankets, woven cloth, rice, and other valuables, the quantity depending on the wealth of the boys family or the demands of the girls family. 2010. The socio-cultural changes are largely due to a combination of factors which include the change in the local government . There are part-time or seasonal occupations for carpenters, who receive wages for work done. A chicken is killed, and is offered to the spirits of the field, trees, rocks, and other things in the surroundings believed to have been angered or displeased. The baknang are the primary landowners to whom the abiteg render their services to. They finish off the burial ritual with dedeg (song of the dead), and then, the sons and grandsons carry the body to its resting place. No Holds Barred Episode 4: Road to Tokyo Olympics with Hidilyn Diaz By JUSTINE RUTH BITANCOR December 6, 2018 MOUNT SANTO TOMAS, Benguet Tuba: Sida, a deeply-rooted ritual for the dead, is still practiced today by the Kankana-ey tribe in Sitio Kabuyao. Category: Kankana-ey Beliefs. Gold buried in hard rock in Antamok, Acupan, and Balatoc, all in the Itogon area, were extracted through open pit mining called labon (tunnel mining) as far back as hundreds of years ago. Manila: Central Bank of the Philippines, Ayala Museum. C-shaped earrings are for both male and female Kankanaey. The traditional garment for the Kankanaey male is the wanes (G-string). To summarize: The lovely Bangan lived in the land of the sunset. It is the women who have kept up this customary adornment, often sporting the tattoo on their forearms. As religious leaders, the mankotom may perform the roles of the mansip-ok and the manbunong. [1], Recent DNA studies show that the Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan, were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians. [9], Contrary to popular belief, the Southern Kankana-eys do not worship idols and images. These lands had long before been mined by Joses father Dominguez and grandfather Toctoc. The female gods are Moan, Daongen, Angtan, Bangan, Gatan, and Oboy. The Kankanaey predominantly occupied Mankayan and thus had a monopoly of its copper and gold deposits. Spanish control, wielded through the force of arms and proselytization, eventually set in. A typical village of the northern Kankanaey or Lepanto Igorot would have at least 700 inhabitants, occupying a cluster of some 150 houses. It used to be located right in the middle of a settlement. These are wise old men well experienced in the life and ways of their people. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Eduardo Masferre and the Phillippine Cordillera. Philippine Studies 42 (3): 336351. The at-ato and the informal leadership of the above-mentioned elements of northern Kankanaey society have been transformed or muted by the assimilation of this group into a centralized national society. Furthermore, a socioeconomic class that can be described as newly rich has entered the picture. Much of the increase in yield was attributed to the continuously high production and the discovery of new mining sites, most notably in Itogon and Balatoc. 3. Bugan is often associated with Lawigan as his female counterpart, although she first appears in the cosmology as the sister-wife of Lumawigprobably a variant of Lawigan. The design of the wanes may vary according to social status or municipality. The Benguet people believe in Kaboniyan (God), which the Ibaloys call Apo Shiyos and Goddesses egma on-an or kedaring called by Ibaloys. The song is a dialogue between the women of the village and a girl, an outsider, who has come to marry a boy from the village. ), Mga Lumang Kasuotan at Pananamit ng mga Pilipino sa Maynila Noong Unang Panahon (sa mga Nagdaang Siglo), Tiboli (Tboli) Tribe of Mindanao: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People | Philippines Ethnic Group], The Aeta People of the Philippines: Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], The Kalinga Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Indigenous People | Cordillera Ethnic Tribes], The Manobo Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and Tradition [Philippine Indigenous People | Ethnic Group], Tinguian (Itneg) Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture and Arts, Customs and Traditions [Indigenous People |Ethnic Group], The Most Interesting Heritage Sites Around Taft Avenue in Manila: Historical Places + Nostalgic Hidden Gems, All Rights Reserved | Read:Disclaimer, Vegetable farmer with her harvest of cabbages and potatoes (SIL International), Kankanaey woven product: storage basket (CCP Collections), Kankanaey woven product: bowl with cover made of buri (CCP Collections). The loss or abandonment of the at-ato can explain in part the dispersed small settlements that are now features of the cultural landscape. The case, which had dragged on until just before Jose died, was resolved when he received a jarful of palata (coins) as payment for the properties. Work for us to become rich so that while we live there will be the giving of meat to us by our companions; so that you the gods will have things given to you; so that our children will have life; so that there will be gifts for you. National Economic and Development Authority. Some of those who have managed to retain their traditional upper-class standing may still be practicing the duties of the classic kadangyan, although in altered forms. Unfortunately, it has very little resources and . With agriculture as the backbone of life and rice as a staple food, water is valued as much as land in Besao. In a village, there could be ten such people, whose qualifications were advanced age, some amount of wealth, and past sponsorship of the bayas ceremony, which was a type of caao. In words, for example, an Applai might say otik or beteg (pig) and the soft-speaking Kankanaey may say busaang or beteg as well. Moreover, the Benguet area had some of the largest gold and ore deposits, and the Kankanaey and Ibaloy who had settled here had been panning and digging for gold long before the Spaniards arrived on the islands. The elders and other venerable members of the village display their priceless heirloom blankets during this occasion. These spirits react angrily whenever people trespass on their territory. This made them more susceptible than the Bontok, Ifugao, and other mountain people to external influence, though less vulnerable than the Tinguian and the Ibaloy who were even nearer and more accessible to both the Spanish colonial forces and the Filipino lowlanders and settlers. 1991, 14-15). Then comes the marriage celebration itself (dawak/bayas)inclusive of the segep (which means to enter), pakde (sacrifice), betbet (butchering of pig for omens), playog/kolay (marriage ceremony proper), tebyag (merrymaking), mensupot (gift giving), sekat di tawid (giving of inheritance), and buka/inga, the end of the celebration. They practice bilateral kinship. It may also be observed when a person dies to ask for the protection and favors of the benevolent deities. The hand movements are poised downward, suggesting the peoples close affinity to the earth. Lumawig and Bangan had four children in all. In hosting their extravagant festivities, the kadangyan are not only propitiating the spirits to keep them healthy and wealthy but are also giving themselves an opportunity to share their blessings with the less-advantaged Kankanaey in the community. There has been greater upwardas well as downwardmobility in Kankanaey society. Traditional religious beliefs and customary laws have enabled the Kankanaey of Besao in northern Philippines to sustain their land's natural resources despite current challenges. [2] The Kankanaey of the western Mountain Province are sometimes identified as Applai or Aplai. (Baltengs excrement the nail cannot dent. On the other side, there are benevolent spirits called kading and pinad-ing, invisible spirits usually in human form who protect people from typhoons, misfortune, and epidemics. Rapanut, Teofina A., Wilfredo V. Alangui, Henry N. Adorna, Arlano R. Aquino, Avelino P. Bucaoto, Edna M. Nazaire, Madelyn M. Ragasa, Reynaldo P. Rimando, and Reamar Eileen R. Sales. Vanoverbergh, Morice. If the pregnant wife decides to abide by the traditional manner of childbirth, the husband stays under the house, prepared for any eventuality, while his wife is being assisted upstairs. Northern Kalinga culture groups include Banao, Buaya, Dao-angan, Gubang, Mabaca, Poswoy, Salogsog, Ammacian, Ballayangon, Limos, Pinukpuk, Wagud, Allay / Kalakkad, Biga, Gamonang, Gobgob, Guilayon, Nanong, and Tobog. Cause our chickens also to live to be for keeping us alive. The Kankanaey are also in Mindanao, 710 of them being in Lanao del Norte. Other domesticated animals are dogs, carabaos, goats, and cattle. Sagada Social Studies Series 13. The parents then talk about the terms of the marriage, including the bride price to be paid by the mans family. Armed thus, she goes from place to place, even entering other peoples houses, as she tries to look for the sick persons wayward soul. In child rearing, the man participates almost equally with the woman, often carrying the child in a sling on his back while at work in the yard or in the field. On the other hand, an appeasement ritual called Dilus is offered to the spirits that are easily hurt and cruel. The male gods are Lumawig, Kabigat, Suyan, Okalan, and Balitok. Manila: MCS Enterprises. Most people interred in hanging coffins are the most prominent members of the amam-a, the council of male elders in the traditional dap-ay (the communal men's dormitory and civic center of the village). While holding up the stone, he or she calls out the names of various spirits. Worcester, Dean C. 1906. [9], There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. However, this authority was lost when many kadangyan-held lands were declared public property and large American companies staked their claim and took over the mines in the early decades of the 20th century. They consist of an exchange between a man and a woman, or between a group of men and a group of women. As the shaman goes about her search, she recites a prayer in Kankanaey, which translates into English thus: Paypay, let us go home to the village, it is a warm place to dwell in; confound this spirits house where you are dwelling, our house in the village is better, it is a warm place to dwell in. His life as an art photographer began in 1933, when he got hold of a Kodak camera. Gatan is a mythological hero who is always successful in his undertakings and enjoys the protection of Kabunian. Some of the producers of such music videos are Kankanaey overseas workers in Japan, whose songs speak of longing for home and the challenges of employment abroad. Men also wear a woven blanket for an upper garment and sometimes a headband, usually colored red like the G-string. Joel Tingbaoen, Lourdes Gomeyac-Fangki, and Brian Aliping are popular Kankanaey singers whose appeal can be attributed to their use of Ilocano and Cordillera languages and their often-local themes. On The Cordillera. In the Kankana-ey, young men and women are divided by gender and then ushered into separate dormitories. The day-eng are what could be considered the equivalent of legends and fables. This childs descendants became the Igorot. The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang, binang-iyan, tinokbob and the elevated tinabla. Gold Mining in Benguet: 1900-1941. Philippine Studies 49 (1): 3-41. The fourth child was destined to become a spirit who would inhabit stones and trees, and became the ancestor of the malevolent spirits who we know today as the tumungaw or mangmangkik. Cabrera, Caroline K. 1977. The mens headcloth is called the badbad or bedbed, made of either abel or kuba (bark). The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. Annusan turned trees into pigs and boulders into carabaos for the wedding feast, a grand and prolonged caao. Death and Beyond: Death & Burial Rituals & Other Practices & Beliefs of the Igorots of Sagada, Mountain Province, Philippines by Dinah Elma Piluden-Omengan (2004). The mamade or mamadur (agricultural shamans) presided over the elaborate rituals in connection with the seasonal rice crop. Nobody is allowed to leave at anytime throughout the day, to prevent loss of luck.. Indigenous music and traditional instruments will also be part of the training of the youth, Gaplaew said. On the other hand, saranay is whitish and small grained. Annusan could stop him only by splitting his magic cane into many pieces, which proceeded to beat him up. Accessed 7 August. The only place untouched was a mountaintop where Lumawig and Bangan had sought refuge. They include the mixed-blood descendants of Ilocano and Chinese traders who traveled to the Cordilleras, set up their businesses, usually trading and vegetable farming, and intermarried. The interior consists of a sleeping area, a kitchen with a hearth in one corner, and storage space for utensils. The four boys attended a model school with the Bontok children. This sleeping place might be a house not being used by a regular household. VVM films that are in the Kankanaey language are Sabong di Kada (Flower of Kada), 1998; Adawag Ina (Mothers Plight), 1998; Din Sungbat (The Answer), 2003; Kedaw (Ask), 2007; and Din Pantaulian (The Returning), 2008. In need of much needed resources, the imperial forces headed straight to the provinces copper mines, including those in Mankayan. 1989. Like the young men and women of Bontok and Ifugao society, premarital relations among the Kankanaey of marrying age were consummated only with the consent of the girl. There is an opening to one side leading to a narrow passageway that is protected by a sliding door. Mutual respect is observed by husband and wife, although decision making in most matters is patricentric. Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw, pat-tong, takik (a wedding dance), and balangbang. Mo manokmi abu, matago tauwaday panbiagmi. There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. Atom They are innovative in the fields and they practice proven technology like irrigation and the construction of rice terraces. Pettits fellow prospector was another war veteran, Truman Hunt, who became Bontocs lieutenant-governor and was tasked to put together the Igorrotes for the Fair. The other person, hearing the mans laugh, also laughed. Other couples, especially those employed in urban areas or abroad, immediately live on their own after their wedding ceremonies in their hometown. As a result, the total gold production of the country reached almost half a million pesos per year between 1907 and 1911, around half of which was from Benguet alone. . Kankanay Religion (Northern Luzon, Philippines). Anthropos 67: 73. The opening of the western flank of the Cordillera set into motion acculturative processes that would have a great impact on succeeding historical periods. The Cordillera mountains in central Luzon is the highest mountain range in the Philippines covering a massive geographic area. This head became the thunder. In truth, they are not a single . Even under the old system of parental arrangement, the Kankanaey rarely enter into a parental agreement when the children are still below the age at which they can make their own choices. Only a person of means can afford the amount of food consumed. Other groups have begun producing animation films that capitalize on the nuances of local practices for humor. After the flood subsided, Kabunian ordered the two to become husband and wife so that the earth could be populated again. Kankanaey communities are among the ethnolinguistic groups whose ritual and ceremonies are studied.5 In the Cordillera, the indigenous peoples have been influenced by the so-called megalithic culture complex, relating to or denoting prehistoric cultures. The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers firewood to the mans father. The Kankanaey perform a ritual to effect the return of a soul which has wandered off on account of sickness. [8], They also have various rituals, such as the rituals for courtship and marriage and death and burial. Otherwise, it was a separate place built exclusively for this purpose. Tayaw is another dance performed for the same purpose, accompanied by the offering of sacrificial pigs to Kabunian. The usual Kankanaey woven cloth is narrow, about 4.5 meters wide and 2.1 meters long. Womens accessories are collars made of brass or matted rattan; stone and seed bracelets; earrings of copper wire; and head decorations made of beads, beans, and grass. Dap-ay was also a name used to refer to it. [13], The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of a dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). Apayao Life and Legends. While the nation was undergoing the throes of a full-blown national war, age-old conflicts over the use of resources and cultural differences between the Kankanaey and their traditional rivals were revived. Eugenio, Damiana L., ed. Santos, Soliman, Jr., and Paz Verdades Santos. 2014. For the Kankanaey language, see, A Kankanaey chief from the town of Suyoc, in. A variant of the getap called kinteg is indigo black, with white-and-blue bands. Tapey is served to the dancers, who perform in big circles, shuffling, sliding, and hopping. Published September 12, 2008 4:41pm. The Ibaloy coexist with the Kankanaey and, to a lesser extent, the Kalanguya in this area. They then undergo the preliminary marriage ritual (pasya) and exchange food. Video:Pakan Ritual - Kankana-ey ICCs/IPs of Bagulin, La Union. Wet rice agriculture is the main economic activity of the Northern Kankanaey with some fields toiled twice a year while other only once due to too much water or no water at all. Their belief system is common to both with little deviation in methods of performance but do not change the intent and purposes. [8], Although Southern Kankanaey also engage in wet rice agriculture, the chief means of livelihood is hunting and foraging. It involves laying the deceased in their homes for 3 days. 1972. This usually takes place during the rainy season, when lightning is most frequent. Perez, Rodrigo III D., Rosario Encarnacion, Julian E. Dacanay Jr., Joseph R. Fortin, and John K. Chua. Jealous, the sisters put garlic under the couples bed. People in some districts were compelled by the Spanish authorities to grow coffee and tobacco for the colonial government. The forebears of the northern Kankanaey started building rice terraces near the villages.