importance of school health records importance of school health records

Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. This was never required as consensus was always reached. S4 Appendix. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. The remaining Cochrane review was given a critically low level of confidence, though this may be because it was published in 2006 and standards for both the methods and reporting of Cochrane reviews have improved in recent years. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. All rights reserved. If school health services are to truly improve the health of children and adolescents, they must comprehensively address the most pressing problems of this population. It is an important aspect of (school) Administration. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Although the overall degree of overlap between all SRs within this overview was slight, the overlap between just these five SRs targeting mood disorders was high (CCA = 11). The information can then be used for policy development, planning, and school improvement efforts. Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. National Association of School Nurses. This document replaces the School Nurse Role in Electronic School Health Records (January 2014). Table A. However, they did not assess risk of bias or appraise the quality of included studies [31]. Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. Strongest evidence in favor of oral health interventions emerged from a SR on universal topical application of fluoride gel for the prevention of dental caries [25]. AMSTAR 2 classifications and results. S7 Appendix gives the PRISMA checklist that was used. 1100 Wayne Ave, Suite #925 Silver Spring, MD 20910-5669, 2023 NASN | Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement | LiveChat. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. II. In allWHO regions, school-age children and adolescents(those aged 519 years) experience a range oflargely preventable health problems, includingunintentional injury, interpersonal violence, sexualand reproductive health issues, communicablediseases, noncommunicable diseases and mentalhealth issues. In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436]. This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. You may know to keep a file of those records. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. With no state or program requirement, how does a school decide which school health assessment to complete?It will depend on your needs. Further, the exclusion of interventions delivered by non-health providers reduces the quantity and breadth of SRs included in this overview. Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NASN2023 Early Rate Countdown Clock - Deadline Extended to May 15th! The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. However, there was no risk of bias assessment in this SR and therefore the results must be interpreted cautiously. The vast majority of providers and health systems utilize some form of computerized patient records. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. You can review and change the way we collect information below. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!) If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. Meta-analysis of the six studies showed statistically significant short-term benefits for weekday sleep time, weekend sleep time, and mood [20]. http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/gshi/en/, http://www.schoolsandhealth.org/Pages/WASH.aspx, http://www.who.int/school_youth_health/resources/information_series/en/, https://data.worldbank.org/?year_high_desc=false, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012595.pub2/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005023.pub3/full, http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub2/abstract, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002280.pub2/abstract, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=2418, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment, https://www.iapb.org/resources/school-eye-health-guidelines/, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43027/924159215X_eng.pdf;jsessionid=7E674C27FAC37B003AB96A2DC13C7407?sequence=1, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204176/9789241510066_eng.pdf?sequence=1, http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight, http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Additionally, resources differ by income level and therefore effective interventions in HIC may need to be tailored or changed entirely in order to be feasible in LMIC and LIC. Although mortality and morbidity statistics vary by region and country, it is clear that the health areas included in this overview reflect a small subset of the global burden of disease for children and adolescents. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Academic performance records, such as grades and report cards, provide insight about. Prevention and treatment of mood disorders was assessed in five SRs, all of which targeted children and adolescents using RCTs of established programs. This systematic review of systematic reviews, henceforth referred to as an overview, will inform the upcoming development of a WHO guideline that addresses the school health services component of health-promoting schools and feeds into the FRESH framework. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. (2019). However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. Citation: Levinson J, Kohl K, Baltag V, Ross DA (2019) Investigating the effectiveness of school health services delivered by a health provider: A systematic review of systematic reviews. No literature is currently available showing the number of hospitals and health care systems that provide EHR access to school nurses. More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. The significance of records management to public healthcare facilities and institutions includes operational cost reduction and elimination of duplicated overhead costs; eliminates the creation. This SR did not discuss the quality or risk of bias of included studies [35]. Most interventions involved school-nurse-delivered nutrition counseling, nutrition and health education, and some parent involvement or physical activity. Excluded full text articles. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 20 included SRs. Two SRs found evidence for the potential effectiveness of educational interventions for children and adolescents with asthma diagnoses (Table 3A) [31,37]. importance of keeping school records which include the following: 1. Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. This overview considered SRs published in 2016, 2017, or 2018 to be up-to-date. The sixth study assessed a 4-day program in Brazil. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. School nurses also maintain health records on students who fall outside the typical health care provider systems and whose only source of care may be the school nurse. Finally, meta-analysis by Werner-Seidler and colleagues of 81 RCTs on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention and group therapy programs found small yet statistically significant effect sizes in favor of the intervention groups for both depression and anxiety as compared to control groups [28]. Yet no SRs on vaccinations fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this overview, suggesting the need for these SRs to be conducted, focusing on whether vaccinations for this age group should be delivered as part of a school health service or not, rather than on whether the vaccination per se is effective. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. Additionally, a recent review found that school-based or school-linked health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9]. 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. The formula for the CCA is: [8] Yeager, P. E. (2016). I am Tim Stephens. It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. Third, the scopes of individual SRs often differ from the scope of the overview, a problem that Ballard and Montgomery call a scope mismatch [13]. Automated Records Management. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Eleven SRs included only cluster- and individually-randomized controlled trials [1921,24,27,28,30,32,34,37], seven SRs included other types of controlled and uncontrolled experimental studies in addition to RCTs [22,25,26,31,33,35,36], and two SRs included only QEs [29] or controlled clinical trials [23]. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). Table C. Calculation of corrected covered areas (CCAs). The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? School health services (SHS), as defined in thisguideline, are services provided by a health workerto students enrolled in primary or secondaryeducation, either within school premises or in ahealth service situated outside the school. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. However, this conclusion should be interpreted cautiously due to small effect sizes, small sample sizes, and conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy between Sullivan and Simonson [36] and Gold and colleagues [23].