________. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and identify several branches of each Describe the structure of the body, from simplest to most complex, in terms of the six levels of organization Identify the functional characteristics of human life Identify the four requirements for human survival One network of neurons in the retina sends signals to one ganglion cell. As one moves in either direction from this central point of the retina, visual acuity drops significantly. The outermost layer is the fibrous tunic, which includes the white sclera and clear cornea. what type of matter or energy they detect and subsequently transduce to produce our perceptions (e.g. Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors. At the fovea, the retina lacks the supporting cells and blood vessels, and only contains photoreceptors. sight, touch, hearing, taste, smell. At the molecular level, visual stimuli cause changes in the photopigment molecule that lead to changes in membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell. The odorantprotein complex binds to a receptor protein within the cell membrane of an olfactory dendrite. The axon of an olfactory neuron extends from the basal surface of the epithelium, through an olfactory foramen in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and into the brain. Hearing and balance are also sensed by mechanoreceptors. A similar mechanoreceptora hair cell with stereociliasenses head position, head movement, and whether our bodies are in motion. The center of the retina has a small indentation known as the fovea. The group of axons called the olfactory tract connect to the olfactory bulb on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe. The macula is composed of hair cells surrounded by support cells. For example, when the superior rectus contracts, the eye rotates to look up. The first half of the pathway is the projection from the RGCs through the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus on either side. The auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane are often referred to as the external ear. Based on the animation, where do frequenciesfrom high to low pitchescause activity in the hair cells within the cochlear duct? Of course, it is often sweetened so that the sour taste is masked. These neurons are part of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves, as well as a component within the vagus nerve dedicated to the gag reflex. The choroid is posterior to the ciliary body, a muscular structure that is attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments, or zonule fibers. Receptor cell types can be classified on the basis of their structure. Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. The innermost layer of the eye is the neural tunic, or retina, which contains the nervous tissue responsible for photoreception. The essential component is neurons, the major functional cells in nervous tissue. One major group of bitter-tasting molecules are alkaloids. As one of the canals moves in an arc with the head, the internal fluid moves in the opposite direction, causing the cupula and stereocilia to bend. Humans consistently recognize certain odorants (e.g. The scala tympani ends at the round window, which is covered by a membrane that contains the fluid within the scala. Do you have the same acuity in both eyes? The inner segment contains the nucleus and other common organelles of a cell, whereas the outer segment is a specialized region in which photoreception takes place. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School 2012). The middle ear is connected to the pharynx through the Eustachian tube, which helps equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane. Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three different criteria: cell type, position, and function. Watch this video to learn more about how the structures of the ear convert sound waves into a neural signal by moving the hairs, or stereocilia, of the cochlear duct. Describing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction. Stimuli are of three general types. The eye is located within the orbit and surrounded by soft tissues that protect and support its function. The stereocilia extend up from the hair cells to the overlying tectorial membrane, which is attached medially to the organ of Corti. Comparison of Color Sensitivity of Photopigments. List the positions for localization from most to least accurate: Describe any differences in relation to the sensory input required to maintain balance. Golgi tendon organs similarly transduce the stretch levels of tendons. Structure of Sensory Receptor Sensations can be produced mainly by very simple kinds of receptors or complex sense organs receptors for General Senses are relatively simple A. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. Relate damage in the spinal cord to sensory or motor deficits. Each of the hair cell clusters has a small collection of dense connective tissue attached to the hair cell membrane extensions (stereocilia) to add mass to the system. The large, fleshy structure on the lateral aspect of the head is known as the auricle. The surface of the tongue, along with the rest of the oral cavity, is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium. The taste known as umami is often referred to as the savory taste. However, these two distinct bundles travel together from the inner ear to the brain stem as the vestibulocochlear nerve. Specifically, photons cause some of the double-bonded carbons within the chain to switch from a cis to a trans conformation. Have your partner stand near the chart and tell you which line to read starting from the top. The Eustachian (or auditory) tube connects the middle ear cavity to the pharynx (it is an evolutionary descendant of pharyngeal pouches). Can you label any structures if you use the above diagram as a guide? This first fiber in the pathway synapses on a thalamic cell that then projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe where seeing, or visual perception, takes place. The first two tastes (salty and sour) are triggered by the cations Na+ and H+. Photoreceptors in the eyes, such as rod cells, are examples of (c) specialized receptor cells. The central integration may then lead to a motor response. You will have to identify these structures using both the sheep or cow eye and the models. Lower frequency waves move the region of the basilar membrane that is near the tip of the cochlea. Differentiate between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron diseases. Professional fighters often experience anosmia because of repeated trauma to face and head. (a) All photoreceptors have inner segments containing the nucleus and other important organelles and outer segments with membrane arrays containing the photosensitive opsin molecules. It has two separate regions, the cochlea and the vestibule, which are responsible for hearing and balance, respectively. All other colors fall between red and blue at various points along the wavelength scale. In normal sunlight, rhodopsin will be constantly bleached while the cones are active. Bulbous corpuscles are also known as Ruffini corpuscles, or type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors. The hair cell is a mechanoreceptor with an array of stereocilia emerging from its apical surface. The stapes is then attached to the inner ear, where the sound waves will be transduced into a neural signal. Connections between the body and the CNS occur through the spinal cord. In many of the special senses, the axons leaving the sensory receptors have a topographical arrangement, meaning that the location of the sensory receptor relates to the location of the axon in the nerve. BIOL 1108: Principles of Biology II Lab Manual (Burran and DesRochers), { "Lab_01:_Cystic_Fibrosis_and_Evolutionary_Changes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
b__1]()", "Lab_02:_Natural_Selection" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_03:_Ecology_Game" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_04:_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_05:_Sensory_Systems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_06:_Circulatory_Systems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_07:_Respiratory_Systems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_08-11:_Fetal_Pig_Dissection" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_12:_Endocrine_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Lab_13:_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { BCCC_MASTER_Biology_PLC : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Biology_II_Laboratory_Manual : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", Biology_I_Laboratory_Manual : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Biology_Labs_(under_construction)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "BIOL_1107:_Principles_of_Biology_I_Lab_Manual_(Burran_and_DesRochers)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "BIOL_1108:_Principles_of_Biology_II_Lab_Manual_(Burran_and_DesRochers)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", General_Biology_Labs : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Unfolding_the_Mystery_of_Life_-_Biology_Lab_Manual_for_Non-Science_Majors_(Genovesi_Blinderman_and_Natale)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "authorname:burrananddesrochers", "program:galileo", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://libguides.daltonstate.edu/PrinciplesofBiology/labmanual" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FLearning_Objects%2FLaboratory_Experiments%2FGeneral_Biology_Labs%2FBIOL_1108%253A_Principles_of_Biology_II_Lab_Manual_(Burran_and_DesRochers)%2FLab_05%253A_Sensory_Systems, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). The ampulla contains the hair cells that respond to rotational movement, such as turning the head while saying no. The stereocilia of these hair cells extend into the cupula, a membrane that attaches to the top of the ampulla. As airborne molecules are inhaled through the nose, they pass over the olfactory epithelial region and dissolve into the mucus. If you think that you can see colors in the dark, it is most likely because your brain knows what color something is and is relying on that memory. This spasm is a reflex that is initiated by stretch receptors to avoid muscle tearing. Patterns of olfactory neuron activity can code for complex odors, integrated within the olfactory bulb and temporal cortex. Explain your answer. Within the neural tunic is the retina, with three layers of cells and two synaptic layers in between. Very recent research has suggested that there may also be a sixth taste for fats, or lipids. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Increasing hydrogen ion concentrations in the saliva (lowering saliva pH) triggers progressively stronger graded potentials in the gustatory cells. In other words, in a dark room, everything appears as a shade of gray. vision, taste). sodium ions), Various neurons that respond to physical movements, Neurons responding to stretch and contraction of muscles & tendons. The fluid-filled tube, now called the scala tympani, returns to the base of the cochlea, this time travelling under the cochlear duct. These two structures bend the lens, allowing it to focus light on the back of the eye. Are you very sensitive to tastes? Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special senses discussed in this section. This chapter gives a basic overview of how cells are organized into tissues and how to identify tissues based on the shape, layers, and numbers of cells. Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Similar to the smell test, list the concentrations of the two substances and circle the one where you can begin to taste the substance. Also, what is referred to simply as touch can be further subdivided into pressure, vibration, stretch, and hair-follicle position, on the basis of the type of mechanoreceptors that perceive these touch sensations. Movement of the eye within the orbit is accomplished by the contraction of six extraocular muscles that originate from the bones of the orbit and insert into the surface of the eyeball (Figure 14.14).