5 factors affecting political participation 5 factors affecting political participation

Psychological analysis Examining what causes an individual to run for office, decide to Measuring gender differences in political knowledge, The Journal of Politics, Vol. Both the processes help in increasing the extent of political communication which leads to greater political awareness. As well as, there was a regional affiliation gap in voting in national and local elections, as non-Jordanians (Palestinian) voting was low. Midterm elections, in which members of Congress run for office in nonpresidential-election years, normally draw about one-third of eligible voters (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). What are some of the ways you have participated in politics? Almost 70 percent of high school students and young adults aged eighteen to thirty report that they have been involved in community activities (Peter D. Hart Research Associates, 1998). Beauregard, K. (2014), Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, European Journal of Political Research, Vol. Verba, S., Burns, N. and Schlozman, K.L. However,thereareotherswho elections, according to the decision in Citizens United v. Citizens can show their unhappiness with leadership choices by the symbolic act of not voting. (2011), Youth and Political Parties in Jordan, Amman, Al Rai Center for Studies, Jordan. Campaign activity also produces collective outcomes. Social and economic analysis How a citizens living situation, weather, finances, or family issues affect their political behavior. In addition, ethnic diversity, different habits, incomes of people led to the difference in political participation. Political participation is action that influences the distribution of social goods and values (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993). Three factors seem to affect political participation among Native Americans a history of violent conflict and deep distrust of federal, state, and local actors ( Peterson 1997 ), a widely dispersed population ( Herrick and Mendez 2019 ), and few federal, state, or local officials representing tribal interests ( Schroedel and Aslanian 2017 ). The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Even activities that on the surface do not seem to have much to do with politics can be a form of political participation. 1, pp. Four white officers were tried in criminal court for the use of excessive force, and they were acquitted of all but one charge. Cohen, C.J. How do individuals form their political beliefs? Fox, R.L. What are the ways in which Americans participate in politics? Womens full and effective political participation is a matter of human Moreover, The Constitution guarantees appointment in government institutions with integrity (Article 23). 4. 97-107. 1040-1061. 48-60. It gives recognition to the national parties, state parties and regional parties. Other forms of protest behavior include marking public spaces with graffiti, demonstrating, and boycotting. In addition, Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people with (31.5 per cent) for the (Palestinians). For example, running for mayor of New York City requires 7,500 signatures and addresses on a petition. They can post their views on blogs and energize their supporters using Facebook groups that provide information about how to get involved. What is the probability of the child becoming a strong democrat or strong republican? 1, pp. But, since the Palestinians feel unequal, and short of accessing basic services, such as education and health care; this resulted in their decline of voting in elections. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The present study focuses on four factors: gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation. Brooker (2013) concluded that in Australia, the ratio of youth participation in voting was low. 84-94. Disclaimer 9. 299-310. But, in the South there is a high majority of blue collared workers? Some of them. Political scientists measure how US political behavior, attitudes, and ideologies are shaped by a number of factors over time. The political landscape for many African nations does not provide the platforms where citizens can loudly and freely engage with the governments to harness democracy. Race relations in Los Angeles in 1991 were strained. People can also participate outside the electoral processvoting and election campaign. Moreover, their belief that elected councils, whether national or local, are not able to change their lives in the future. 4, pp. They can use social networking sites, like Facebook, to recruit supporters, enlist volunteers for campaign events, or encourage friends to donate money to a candidate. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1977). Mohammad Soud Alelaimat can be contacted at: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Posted 6 months ago. In addition, Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people. for the family income category (more than 700 dinars) at (19.5 per cent). 2, pp. Measuring gender differences in political knowledge. Berikut faktor-faktornya: 1. 27 No. At least ten states prohibit former felons from voting even after they have served their time. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of the Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the regional affiliation. It is assumed that there is a relation between the cognitive status of low self-esteem and feeling of pessimism and alienation from society and political apathy. Political scientists have determined that presidential election turnout is underestimated on average by 4 percent, which translates into hundreds of thousands of votes (Flanigan & Zingale, 1999). Psychological or cognitive traits 2. These groups are as diverse as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), which supports animal rights, the Concord Coalition, which seeks to protect Social Security benefits, and the Aryan Nation, which promotes white supremacy. Twitter, a social messaging platform that allows people to provide short updates in real time, has been used to convey eyewitness reports of protests worldwide. Turnout in presidential elections in the 1960s was over 60 percent. The ratio of voting in the category (less than 500 dinar) was low, but, the ratio of voting for the other two categories was high. The second is related the voting in elections, Reason for voting and reason for not voting as the study relied on the literature review to prepare the questionnaire. To ensure representation of women in Parliament, a quota of 15 seats was allocated for women in the 2016 Parliament, To promote the empowerment of Jordanian women by granting them more social, economic and political rights, and supporting their political participation (Atiyat, 2017, p. 109). This tactic was used effectively during the 1960s civil rights movement when African Americans sat in whites-only sections of public busses. WebIn democratic Female politicians are more likely to concentrate on problems that matter more to women such as daycare, gender equality, reproductive rights, elderly care and childrens welfare. The total number of students in the three universities was (177,516) students. Participation witnessed further expansion, as some studies have pointed out: Street protest, involvement in institutional policies, participating in social movements (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572), and engagement in political debates (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). In terms of patient-reported outcomes after OWHTO, several preoperative factors, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative radiological parameters have been posited as candidate influencing factors. [1] Following the 2008 election, RTV lobbied the Obama administration to institute fully automated online voter registration nationally. Direct link to veighn.dangerfield's post depends on the situation , Posted 5 months ago. 1, pp. 3, pp. Demonstrators burned buildings and assaulted bystanders. Level of modernization and urbanization 5. Content Guidelines 2. Extreme discontent with a particular societal condition can lead to rioting. Based on the above, the present study examines the impact of (gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation) on the voting of the university student in elections, because of the reluctance of Jordanian university students to vote in elections. Bernstein, A.G. (2005), Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Journal of Sex Roles, Vol. Racial tensions sparked by a video of police beating Rodney King in 1991 and the subsequent acquittal of the officers at trial resulted in the worst riots ever experienced in Los Angeles. More voters were mobilized during this period of political upheaval in which people focused on issues of race relations, social welfare, and the Vietnam War (Piven & Cloward, 2000). The video of the beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles in 1991 sparked riots. This study aimed at identifying the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in the national and local elections. 1, pp. The voting rate in the category (23 less than 30) was high. In 2010, only about 23 percent of eligible eighteen- to twenty-nine-year-olds cast a ballot (Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement). Therefore, this study examines the factors affecting the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, focusing on some social and economic factors and examining the reasons for voting or not voting, which relates to the performance of the elected councils and the effectiveness of their members. Thus, the ratio of voting in the elections differed according to the difference between poor and rich people, where the ratio of voters who have wealth and enjoy social welfare is high. 121-133. Others contend that the integrity of the democratic process is at stake and that individuals should not be denied a fundamental right once they have served their time. Extensive e-mail listservs keep protestors and sympathizers in contact between demonstrations. Extreme forms of protest behavior include acts that cause harm, such as when environmental activists place spikes in trees that can seriously injure loggers, terrorist acts, like bombing a building, and civil war. People can take part in social movements in which large groups of individuals with shared goals work together to influence government policies. The reasons for the low voting ratio of less than 500 dinars category in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the candidates inefficiency. They can communicate their interests, preferences, and needs to government by engaging in public debate (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). In other 94-99. The ratio of participation varied among different age groups, such as young, adults and older people. (1995), Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, American Political Science Review, Vol. The Watts riots in 1965 were the first of a number of civil disturbances in American cities. 2, pp. This article concludes that people have different voting that publics political participation is decreasing from 2004 to 2014. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio voting of Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the category of family income. This interest might take various forms such as support, rejection, protest or demonstration, etc. 1, pp. This, in turn, made women lose interest in political issues, events, and party activities. Social environment 3. Moreover, in 2016 further amendments were conducted. the USA estrangement about engagement in electoral campaigns and community participation. 571-589. This result was consistent with the studies of Atiyat (2017), Fitzgerald (2013), Taft (2014), Roth and Saunders (2019), which confirmed the low voting of females. Some people may be discouraged from running because the signature requirement seems daunting. The study population contained three Jordanian universities representing the various segments of the Jordanian society: Al-Al Bayt University (Northern Region), Jordanian University (Central Region) and Mu'tah University (Southern Region). (2018), The impact of country characteristics on civic knowledge and political participation, Politikon: Iapss Journal of Political Science, Vol. Dalam artikel ini, akan dibahas faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi politik. TOS 7. Fitzgerald (2013), Taft (2014) pointed out that women in American society are less engaged in politics than men. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. The process of democratization in Jordan began in 1989. Webeducation, to political participation and to livelihoods, among other rights being bluntly violated. WebFactors influencing women political participation: The case of the SADC region. Myron Weiner (1962) restricts his definition to voluntary actionthe activity which is designed by the actor himself to influence governmental decision-making. Moreover, they are still reluctant to vote in national and local elections. Only a small number of people, generally under one-quarter of those eligible, participate in local, county, and state elections. 109-122. WebVCU Scholars Compass | Virginia Commonwealth University Research Fifty-four people were killed and two thousand were wounded. Al-Mohammad, S.M. Psychological or cognitive traits:. Voter turnout levels have hovered around 40 percent in the past three midterm elections. Moreover, the electoral system of the country affects the political participation of women. So, the voting was in favor of male students. Being a public official requires a great deal of dedication, time, energy, and money. In the same context, Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) asserted that the difference in regional affiliation affected the political orientations of individuals. Direct link to madison.rawlins25's post depends on each person, Posted 5 months ago. 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, Copyright 2019, Mohammad Soud Alelaimat, Published in Review of Economics and Political Science. Moreover, there was a family income gap in voting in national and local elections as low-income female students voting was low. The social environment definitely has an impact on political participation. The reasons of that choice are represented in: Samer (2017), Atiyat (2017), Dababneh (2012), Nahar (2012), Nahar and Humaidan (2013), Tillian (2011) emphasizis that these factors were the most important social and economic factors affecting political participation. Political socialization 6. The protesters demanded many political and economic reforms. Voter turnout depends on the type of election. Although the democratic transition in many developing countries and the legislative amendments, which granted more rights and freedom for womens participation in politics, there was still a gender gap stemming from the differences in voting between males and females as well as the low voting turnout of women in elections. They can create and post videos on behalf of or opposed to candidates. 1, pp. Members of social movements may resort to rioting when they perceive that there are no conventional alternatives for getting their message across. Once a candidate gets on the ballot, she must organize a campaign, solicit volunteers, raise funds, and garner press coverage. Voting is the most prominent form of political participation. Lawless and Fox (2001) pointed out that Low-income people refuse to vote because they have no incentive to do that. A positive side effect of fundraising campaigns is that people are made aware of candidates and issues through appeals for money (Jacobson, 1997). Voting 8. Some are directly associated with the electoral sub-system and some are with other political activities. There are many different ways that Americans can participate in politics, including voting, joining political parties, volunteering, contacting public officials, contributing money, working in campaigns, holding public office, protesting, and rioting. 453-479. With so many elections, people can become overwhelmed, confused, or just plain tired of voting. They concluded that the social and economic factors such as (gender, age, education, place of residence, family, tribal affiliation, unemployment, income, poverty, economic growth, social relationships, and regional affiliation) affected political participation, especially voting in elections. In addition, there are political factors which lead to marginalize students participating in the political sphere. Huntington and Nelson (1976) have argued that voluntary (autonomous) and manipulated (mobilized) participation are not clearly distinguished categories. This ratio of the female students is less than that of male students. The reason of the low voting ratio of 18 less than 23 category in Jordan was due to the fact that they saw the elected councils ineffective within society. Rakka twin peaks and voter registration CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. A large majority of people who have registered to vote participate in presidential elections. In addition, Ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils with (44.7 per cent) for the age group (18 less than 23). Midwestnerd Jingle Bell 5K run CC BY 2.0. Young people, in particular, used social media, like Facebook, to organize online on behalf of candidates. The main reason for voting in the elections according to gender was practicing the constitutional right. with (49.5 per cent) for males and (20.4 per cent) for females. People who have a strong sense of political efficacy, are On the other hand, some studies found that there was a link between the working class, poor families or citizens living in poverty and those with low incomes in the one hand and participating in voting and traditional political activities in the other hand. The race was open, as there was no incumbent candidate, and voters felt they had an opportunity to make a difference. Some Palestinians have lived in Jordan since 1947 and 1967, they were granted the Jordanian nationality and the right to vote in the elections. This role is partly expressive and partly instrumental. A questionnaire reviewed by two jurors (peer reviewers) was used to collect the data. 11, pp. In contrast, poor or lowincome families are reluctant to vote as they suffer from accessing basic services, proper education and health care. Consequently, high-income families can support the candidate who they chose. The following video is the CNN News Report on the Los Angeles Riots, including Rodney Kings appeal to stop the violence. (1997) attributed that to the lack of political interest of the females. The number of people contacting public officials at all levels of government has risen markedly over the past three decades. Riots are frequently spontaneous and are sparked by an incident that brings to a head deep-seated frustrations and emotions. The number of people who give money to a candidate, party, or political organization has increased substantially since the 1960s. The pool of eligible voters has expanded from primarily white, male property owners at the founding to include black men after the Civil War, women after 1920, and eighteen- to twenty-year-olds after 1971. This problem gained attention during the 2000 election. WebAttitudinal Factors. ATOMIC Hot Links Los Angeles three day shoot CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. People also can engage in symbolic participation, routine or habitual acts that show support for the political system. In such activities they join hands with other people of the society to influence the actions of the government. 48 No. For example, political participation includes Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) concluded that these reasons reflected the low and limited participation of women in political issues, political parties, and civil organizations. 54 No. The study concluded that the gender, age, family income and regional affiliation factors affect the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. There has been a steady increase in turnout since the 2000 presidential election, in which 51 percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot. What factors influence voter turnout in elections? Voter registration laws were implemented in the 1860s by states and big cities to ensure that only citizens who met legal requirements could vote. Members may engage in lobbying efforts and take part in demonstrations to publicize their concerns. It sets limits on poll expenses. These amendments aimed at increasing the ratio of women's representation and voting, by granting equal rights for women to vote and run in elections, such as a quota in Parliament. The major criterion remains voting in elections which is consistently somewhat higher than the other measures. People have many options for engaging in politics. (1995) emphasized that there were three sources affecting political participation: time, money and social skills. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from individual personality and cognitive structures. Among the major findings of the study are high political apathy; and "voting" as the most popular form of political participation among the people and "free, fair and Still, many people do not vote regularly. The contested vote in the Florida presidential race resulted in a recount in several counties. In addition to traditional forms of campaign activity, like attending campaign rallies and displaying yard signs, the Internet provided a gateway to involvement for 55 percent of Americans (Owen, 2009). In this political system, participation by the individual in political activity is considered a virtue, a sign of political health and the best method of ensuring ones private interests. 3, pp. Gender and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Age and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Family income and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections, Regional affiliation and voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections. Moreover, some studies linked between democracy and active political participation, voting, participating in campaigning, and citizen protests. 362-385. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Verba, S., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). WebHowever, this desired impact can be impeded by a variety of factors, including a lack of political incentives or limited state capacity to implement these mechanisms. Over 90 percent of Americans agree with the principle that citizens have a duty to vote (Flanigan & Zingale, 1999). In addition, the main reason for not voting by females students was inefficiency of candidates for such councils with (42.2 per cent) was the Ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils against (11.9 per cent) for male students. Lawless and Fox (2001) and Cohen and Dawson (1993) linked between income levels (wealth, social well-being, money and economic development) and political participation. Among the forms of political participation, the present study focuses on voting as a traditional form of political participation and the most prominent form that can be observed and measured during elections by monitoring the numbers of voters. Expressing opinions about leaders, issues, and policies has become one of the most prominent forms of political participation. Political environment 4. Based on the above. Turnout was 55 percent in 2004 and 57 percent in 2008, when 132,618,580 people went to the polls (McDonald). Organizations with the goal of promoting civic action on behalf of particular causes, or single-issue groups, have proliferated. White collar workers, women who work in the home, Parents strongly aligned with Democratic Party, Parents strongly aligned with Republican Party. Although all these amendments, the political participation of Jordanian university students is still poor. Based on the above. The study concluded that, Although the democratic transition and the subsequent constitutional and legal amendments in Jordan, which gave women equal rights with men, and allowing engagement in political parties and civil activities, there was a gap in the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections due to some demographic factors (gender and age), economic factors (family income) and some social factors (regional affiliation). Homana (2018), Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Solt (2008), Atkeson (2003), Lawless and Fox (2001), Koch (1997), Brady et al. This was consistent with the studies of Brady et al. Riots can result in destruction of property, looting, physical harm, and even death. For many people, voting is the primary means of taking part in politics. Thus, regional affiliation affected the political participation of university students. Closing voting rosters weeks or months in advance of elections effectively disenfranchised voters. Table II shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the age. University. Similarly, in Britain, there is a gender gap in political participation. Moreover, the lack of fair distribution of resources and the concentration the wealth in the hands of businessmen, made them feel marginalized. People can blog or participate in discussion groups related to an election. Beginning in the 1980s, some states, including Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, made it possible for people to register on Election Day. Dolan, K. (2011), Do women and men know different things? Atiyat (2017), Nahar (2013), Kang (2009), Ross (2008) attributed the low ratio of the women participating in voting and politics to tribal, cultural, economic and patriarchal constraints. Residency requirements limited access to registration offices. A Purposive sample was taken from the three universities, (300) students per university (150 males and 150 females). The reluctance of students to participate was attributed to their lack of interest in political issues and their poor involvement in community activities. Pyeatt, N. and Yanus, B. What are the major factors that affect beliefs? Review of Economics and Political Science. WebKeywords: influential factors, political participation, undergraduates, public universities, Hebei Province 1. 65 No. Voter turnout is a mix of two factors: Internal (motivation, eagerness, knowledge) and External (eligibility, mobilization, voter suppression). It deepens the political awareness and increases the sense of political effectiveness. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from 2. As one would expect, those with higher levels of education and income are the most likely to contribute. The survey was conducted in the academic year 2018-2019. Today, students demonstrate to draw attention to causes. Atkeson, L.R. Still, e-mail may not be the most effective way of getting a message across because office holders believe that an e-mail message takes less time, effort, and thought than a traditional letter. Atiyat, F. (2017), Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates, Answers to the most commonly asked questions here, The impact of social websites over Jordanian students intentions of active political participation: an application of theory of planned behavior, International Review of Management and Marketing, Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Gender, political participation and electoral systems: a cross-national analysis, Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Beyond SES: a resource model of political participation, A British Gender Gap? (6) of 2016, articles 3 and 8). Afterward, law No. Moreover, the reason for not voting was the ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils with (20.3 per cent) for the Jordanians and Inefficiency of candidates for such councils with (38.4 per cent) for the (Palestinians). Many people take part in neighborhood, school, and religious associations. Maybe you coach a little league team, visit seniors at a nursing home, or work at a homeless shelter. Ballots can be invalidated if they are not properly marked by voters or are not read by antiquated voting machines. In addition to strengthening the participation of young people, especially university students participating in voting and community participation (Jordanian constitution, articles 6, 16, 17, 18, and the election law No. Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people, Ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils, Inefficiency of candidates for such councils, Family considerations and kinetic connections. Direct link to madison.rawlins25's post i dont know. Homana, G.A. It can be concluded that: the more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students. 1, pp. The party inspires in its members a feeling of belongingness. In brief, political participation refers to all those activities which influence the decision-making process. Education, gender, occupation, family, etc. (2011), Studying gender in US politics: where do we go from here?, Politics and Gender, Vol. Although the political participation base expanded in Jordan, youth remained reluctant to participate in elections. Pengetahuan terhadap politik sangat Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) have also concluded that the difference of regions within the same country and the ethnic or racial diversity affect voting in elections.