Love, J. L. (1980). cultural globalization, phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a standardization of cultural expressions around the world. The world leaders with the support of international funding organizations announced the Millennium Declaration in September 2000 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Safaei (2006) also investigated the impact of democracy on life expectancy and adult and child mortality rates with the data of 32 autocratic, 13 incoherent, and 72 democratic countries. Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. The effects of globalization on growth were mostly driven by free trade, international specialization, technology transfers, knowledge spillovers, and competitive markets. Patterson, A. C., & Veenstra, G. (2016). Globalization can play an important role in improving the health conditions of low-income countries to the extent that it can provide these linkages. Health & place, 40, 6675. One should also notice that wider markets and higher returns are important factors that motivate entrepreneurs. To answer this question, the role of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy in life expectancy in those countries is empirically investigated. In addition, in the error terms obtained from models 1, 2, 3, and 4 the null of no cross-sectional dependence is rejected at 1%. Achieving economic development or increasing the level of welfare depends on achieving and sustaining the main objectives in political, economic, and social areas. Individuals living in developed countries live a healthier life compared to those living in less developed countries. The stata journal, 6(4), 482496. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. As stated in the introduction section, low-income countries show low performance in terms of health-related sustainable development goals, and their connections with global markets are weak compared to other countries. The largest job creation and destruction effects come from environmental, technology and economic trends. One may think about unhealthy conditions of an urban area such as environmental degradation, air and water pollution, higher crime rates, and stress which reduce life expectancy. Using estimation techniques that consider cross-sectional dependence in those countries prevents misleading results. The ignorance of cross-sectional dependence results in biased and inconsistent estimates and wrong inferences (De Hoyos and Sarafidis 2006; Chudik and Pesaran 2013). Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, Arif Eser Guzel,Unal Arslan&Ali Acaravci, You can also search for this author in This is because globalization enables economies to compete fairly at all levels, hence attracting investors. It is an important instrument in the suppression of the inequality created by economic globalization. The United Nations (2019). 1229). Empirical results show democracy has a significant positive impact on life expectancy and it reduces infant mortality. Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media in Globalization The massive number of ideas that people share through such platforms as Twitter and Facebook has noticeably influenced a change in lifestyles, preferences, political ideologies and academic achievements, both for the positive and negative. It also offers broader opportunities for entrepreneurs and paves the way for innovation (Grossman and Helpman 2015: 101). It is a consequence of cross-border business. Fixed effects estimation results reveal a significant negative relationship between public health expenditure and women's premature death. Google Scholar. Put simply, globalization is the connection of different parts of the world. These days we experience the coronavirus epidemic and we see once again the importance of globalization. Low-income countries are mostly African countries where there is a rising trend in terms of integration to global markets and institutions (Beck et al. Trade openness is one of the most important dimensions of globalization. The results show that a 1% increase in globalization index increases life expectancy %0.014 and %0.015 according to CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators, respectively. The impact of globalization and financial development on environmental quality: Evidence from selected countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Cross-sectional dependency simply refers to the situation when the shock that occurs in one country affects other countries as well. Instead of only selling products in their country a business can expand to other regions boosting sales and in the process making more money. Among the macrotrends listed, businesses predict the strongest net job-creation effect to be driven by investments that facilitate the green transition of businesses, the broader application of ESG standards and supply chains becoming more localized, albeit with job growth offset by . The previous literature provides a lack of evidence in the context of globalization, democracy, and life expectancy relationship. According to the results, globalization significantly reduces child mortality. In order to solve the health problems of the poor, people should draw the attention of the government. By increasing the international exchange of goods, technological advances, and information, globalization increases economic development for any country participating in the global economy. The improvement of the health conditions of the poor countries depends on global partnership and economic, social, and political integration among countries. Provides Cheaper Goods for Consumers Since the start of civilization, people have traded goods with their neighbors. Cadernos de Sade Pblica, 18, 17831788. (2004) and Besley and Kudamatsu (2006). The human rights approach focuses on how globalization affected disadvantaged people worldwide (Chapman 2009). Given that globalisation is here to stay, it is . Applied economics, 38(10), 10911110. Dreher, A., Gassebner, M., & Siemers, L. H. (2012). After the deadline of MDGs, the United Nations has announced 17 SDGs, and Good Health and Well-Being takes its place as the third goal. Harrison, A. This aspect of globalization shows that not all change is good because although foreign trade has been created and expanded allowing the exchange of goods throughout the world, it is also the cause of the increase in tariff rates in many developing countries. Even HIV-infected people can survive with antiretroviral therapy, and it also reduces sexual transmission of the infection (Dollar 2001; Cohen et al. Cutler, D., Deaton, A., & Lleras-Muney, A. Empirical results show that people living in democracies enjoy better health conditions such as longer life expectancy, better maternal health, and lower child mortality. These results are contradictory to positive views on the role of globalization in public health. Social globalization enables people in very remote areas of the world to communicate with each other, while political globalization forces governments to be transparent about infectious diseases. It requires cooperation between governments and societies. As you stop to fill up your car (paying approximately $2.50 to $3.50 per gallon of gas in the U.S.) and then . Healthy people have higher opportunities to earn a higher income than unhealthy people. Another finding in this study shows that health expenditures in those countries failed to increase life expectancy. It employs as many as four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. Globalization, economic freedom, and human rights. However, according to his results, in 19 of 99 countries, globalization affects health positively. Pesaran (2006) suggested a factor modeling approach to solve the cross-sectional dependency problem. Ha, E. (2012). CAS The Cross-sectionally Augmented DickeyFuller (CADF) unit root test developed by Pesaran (2007) is based on that factor modelling approach. Financing Through the crisis and beyond. Sen, A. In our analysis, we used subcomponents of globalization index such as economic (EC), social (SOS), and political (POL) globalization in addition to overall globalization (GLB). Geneva: World Health Organization. Determinants of national life expectancy. Determinants of life expectancy in developing countries. While the authors found no significant impact of social and political globalization on life expectancy, our results show that life expectancy is positively associated with both social and political globalization. According to the results, the globalization index and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization are important instruments to achieve a healthier society. By minimizing the BIC, we obtain \(\widehat{k}\). The Pros of Globalization A number of positive aspects of globalization include: Building up the economic and social structures of struggling countries and economies through free trade Creation of world power and less and less compartmentalized power sectors Learning about and sharing of new and interesting cultures with one another Our results show that a higher level of per capita income is positively associated with higher levels of life expectancy. Social Indicators Research, 129(3), 11551170. What Are the Effects of Globalization on the Environment? As cultures advanced, they were able to travel farther afield to trade their own goods for desirable products found elsewhere. Evidence from a new index of globalization. In low-income countries where people still suffer from having difficulty in meeting basic human needs, increasing per capita income may lead to better nutritional status, easier access to advanced treatment methods and technology. Pesaran, M. H. (2006). The findings obtained from our study show that economic, social, and political integration of countries and democracy accelerate the process of achieving a healthier society. Besley, T., & Kudamatsu, M. (2006). Editor of. In conclusion, no contradiction was found between SDG3 and SDG17 in those countries. Particularly in empirical work in the context of globalization which refers to economic, political, and cultural integration among countries, considering the cross-sectional dependence becomes more important. The hope is that increased global trade will lead to more competition, which will spread wealth more equally. Constant and trend are both considered in the analysis of cointegration, and critical values are obtained from 5000 bootstrap replications. Econometrica, 74(4), 9671012. Welander et al. World Bank Income Groups MDGs Index Values in 2015. Another negative effect of globalization is trade. Democracy can be considered as another determinant of life expectancy. The results of the CADF unit root test are given in Table 3. Globally, HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria targets have been met. Following the related literature, we present our model as follows: where lex is life expectancy at birth which refers to the average number of years a newborn is expected to live. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 795805. The dynamics of financial development, globalisation, economic growth and life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa. On a global view, although health-related problems are largely resolved, the situation is not as good for low-income countries. The long-run estimation results given in Table 5 show that overall, economic, social, and political globalization are positively associated with life expectancy at 1% significance level according to both CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators. Globalization and growth in the low income African countries with the extreme bounds analysis. It increases the number of international organizations in which a country is a member. Estimating cointegrated panels with common factors and the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis. Culture, which consists of traits of specific groups of people such as language, religion, cuisine, and social habits, is significantly impacted. Omissions? Following this study, Or (2000) analyzed the determinants of health outcomes in 21 industrialized OECD countries covering the period 19701992. After determining the cointegration relationship, we estimated long-run coefficients utilizing CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators proposed by Bai and Kao (2006) and Westerlund (2007), respectively. (2019b). The current version of the data published by the Swiss Economic Institute is revised by Gygli et al. World Health Organization. Also, the child mortality rate was reduced by 53% and maternal mortality by 43% (WHO 2016). There are several reasons why this might be the case, including: Access to labor: Globalization gives all nations access to a wider labor pool. According to the United Nations, achieving sustainable development goals requires global cooperation and partnership. This poor performance is in part due to social and political instability and with conflicts between the rights of individuals verses the interest of cultural groups. The journal of Politics, 74(2), 541557. New New technologies which emerge in some developed country are available to other poor and underdeveloped MPRA Working Paper, No. Second, although rapidly increasing consumption options and diversity are known as welfare indicators, they also can cause stress which is known as an important determinant of many diseases both psychological and physical (Cutler et al. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate whether two sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the UN are contradictory or supporting each other in low-income countries. China is a prime example of a country that has benefited immensely from globalization. Negative Aspects of Globalization Outsourcing, while it provides jobs to a population in one country, takes away those jobs from another country, leaving many without opportunities. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 5093. According to regression results, per capita income, literacy rate, and lower fertility are important determinants of life expectancy while living in a tropical area decreasing it. Individuals with higher incomes can benefit from better nutrition and access to health services. In Eq. It is also important to examine this relationship in low-income countries since they still suffer from low levels of life expectancy, less adaptation to globalization, and poor democratic institutions compared to other income groups. The effect of democracy on life expectancy is also positive and significant at 1% which confirms the findings of Franco et al. w10669). Google Scholar. Globalization, human rights, and the social determinants of health. Dollar, D. (2001). Baltagi, B. The second group mostly focuses on the benefits of free trade, capital mobility, and technology transfers (Rao and Vadlamannati 2011). Life expectancy at birth data is provided by World Bank (2019)World Development Indicators. 1, significant differences exist between developing countries and developed countries in achieving health-related goals. This leads to the reallocation of resources to solve the primary problems of the society. Another global subgroup comprises cosmopolitans who nurture an intellectual appreciation for local cultures. Health in an age of globalization (No. Another example of this kind of diversity of In general, globalization decreases the cost of manufacturing. (1999). Health is one of the most important indicators of social welfare. Ulucak, R., & Bilgili, F. (2018). Health and democracy. To fill this gap, our work provides second-generation estimations. Corrections? Thus, unhealthy but traditional consumption patterns and lifestyles may change. Maryland: University of Maryland. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study that investigates the relationship between SDG3 and SDG17. \({\stackrel{\sim }{\Delta }}_{adj}\) is a bias-adjusted version of \(\stackrel{\sim }{\Delta }\). Finally, GDP per capita growth improves health status of countries. Political and economic stability facilitate globalization as well. Welander, A., Lyttkens, C. H., & Nilsson, T. (2015). It has been observed in the literature that possible contradictions between these goals are ignored. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. In the equation above, V(k) is the estimated variance of \({\widehat{u}}_{it}\) based on k factors. You cannot download interactives. The impact of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy on life expectancy in low-income countries: are sustainable development goals contradictory?. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185190. Journal of cleaner production, 188, 144157. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(3), 516546. Those countries are Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, The Gambia, Haiti, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Togo. This assumption is hard to satisfy due to integration among countries. Ali and Audi (2016) also analyzed the role of globalization in life expectancy in Pakistan. The results we found contradict Tausch (2015)s evidences in 80 of 99 countries. They are said to follow a recognizable lifestyle, are instantly identifiable anywhere in the world, and feel more comfortable in each others presence than they do among their less-sophisticated compatriots. All variables have a unit root, and their first differences are stationary (\({I}_{1})\). Beck, T., Maimbo, S. M., Faye, I., & Triki, T. (2011). Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265312. In order to achieve SDG3, economic, social, and political integration between countries should be encouraged and democratic institutions should be improved. Determinants of health outcomes in industrialized countries: A pooled, cross-country, time-series analysis. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In addition, ignoring the cross-sectional dependence results in inconsistent estimations. Such conflicts between sustainable development goals in the literature have mostly focused on the impact of economic growth and globalization on the sustainable environment (Ulucak and Bilgili 2018; Zafar et al. However, achieving all of these goals is only possible if the goals are consistent with each other. Policy makers should remove the barriers on globalization, and they should promote participation on international organizations and publicprivate and civil society partnerships. Globalization and growth. They used social, political, and economic globalization data separately, and the results show a significant positive effect of economic globalization on life expectancy at birth. Finally, gdp is real GDP per capita (constant 2010 $) and it is provided from World Bank World Development Indicators. volume23,pages 1350813525 (2021)Cite this article.