0000043267 00000 n Enhanced warning systems. In response, the agency conducted a multi-phase research study (described below). that required NHTSA to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of several different types of enhanced seat belt warnings offered by a number of manufacturers. [87] We seek comment on whether NHTSA should propose requirements to address circumvention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; DOT 2009 Belt Warning Study, supra, p. 1. documents in the last year, 1008 In particular, continuous buzzers and ignition interlocks annoyed many consumers to the point of their disabling or circumventing the systems. [Found in the docket for this ANPRM.]. Special Report 278 at 18, Committee for the Safety Belt Technology Study, Transportation Research Board of The National Academies (2003) [hereinafter Transportation Research Board Study]. 208 for compliance testing of low-risk deployment and suppression air bag systems? 32. 86. 80. NHTSA seeks comment on what types of rear seat belt warnings consumers would accept. DOT HS 812 594). Minimum duration. The rele- WebIn 2020, 607 child passengers* ages 12 and younger were killed in motor vehicle crashes in the United States, 1 and more than 63,000 were injured. [31] f. Hg2Cl2\mathrm{Hg}_2 \mathrm{Cl}_2Hg2Cl2 S4.2.6 (with the exception of some options). [Found in the docket for this ANPRM.]. To test whether an air bag system either suppresses or properly deploys the front outboard passenger air bag in the presence of a child or small-stature individual, NHTSA tests the air bag system with a variety of different dummies. [60] About the Federal Register Akamatsu, M., Hashimoto, H., and Shimaoka, S., Assessment Method of Effectiveness of Passenger Seat Belt Reminder, SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0050, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-0050. For rear seats, only the first level warning is required, which consists of a visual warning that must be active for at least 60 seconds. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, [Found in the docket for this ANPRM.]. Should the criteria Start Printed Page 51085take into account the presence of child restraint systems? Accordingly, NHTSA might need to propose seat occupancy criteria. 35. We seek comment on whether the rear warning system should be required to include audible or visual warning features exceeding those currently required for the driver's seat belt warning (including the costs and benefits) and if so, what those features should be. Occupant detection is also likely to add cost to a rear sear warning system. The system could also provide a warning signal to inform the driver if a proper electrical connection has not been made with respect to an easily removable seat. 19. On November 21, 2007, Public Citizen and Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety (petitioners) petitioned NHTSA to amend FMVSS No. [39] TRUE B.) Neither Euro NCAP or the ECE regulation require an audible warning for rear seats. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, p. 47. 9. Would a deactivation feature only be needed for systems with a persistent audible warning? Would the triggering condition necessitate occupant detection? There are, of course, a variety of other ways the warning system might be intentionally or inadvertently circumvented. 0000045506 00000 n [30] [25] 0000011021 00000 n 14. provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts. A student places a 2.50 gram sample of magnesium metal in a bottle and adds hydrochloric acid. Since seat belt warning systems are generally initiated at the beginning of a trip (i.e., when the ignition switch is moved to the on or start position) so as to assure that occupants are safely restrained prior to any potential vehicle crash, this is perhaps the most intuitive approach for rear seat belt warnings as well. DOT 2009 Belt Warning Study, supra, p. 57. the Federal Register. 72. NHTSA also seeks comment on the results of the 2015 survey, including whether and to what extent, selection bias might influence the results. b. K2SO4\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4K2SO4 16, Revision 9 8.4.4.2. 37. For example, the system could indicate how many or which rear seat belts are in use (a positive-only system); how many or which rear seat belts are not in use (a negative-only system); or how many or which rear seat belts are in use and how many or which rear seat belts are not in use (a full-status system). The best practices could include the type of information the warning system should convey and the minimum durations of the warnings. 0000011618 00000 n WebIn 2018, 803 unbelted rear seat passenger vehicle occupants age eight and older died in traffic crashes in the United States. 92. 208 to require a seat belt warning system for rear seats on passenger cars and multipurpose passenger vehicles (MPVs) with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 4,536 kilograms (10,000 pounds) or less. Active protection refers to features, such as manual seat belts, that require action by the occupant, while passive protection, sometimes called automatic protection, refers to safety features that do not require any action by the occupant other than sitting in a designated seating position. The Public Inspection page may also According to the results of NHTSA's most recent self-reporting survey of seat belt use, the Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey (MVOSS), while more than four-fifths of survey respondents said they always wore their seat belts when driving (88%) or riding as a passenger in the front seat (86%), only 58 percent said they always wore their seat belts when riding as a passenger in the rear seat. 80.4%). We seek comment on what vehicle types should be included and excluded, including the costs and benefits of inclusion. Each of these systems could have strengths and limitations. To the extent possible, we will also consider comments that the docket receives after that date. Unattended vehicles shall be parked with the drivers side facing the aircraft and so it will not interfere with aircraft being towed or taxied. Repeated violations are cause for disciplinary action, which may include suspension and/or dismissal.5. Seat belts will be worn by all occupants, at all times.6. For example, NHTSA could specify use of the 6-year-old test dummy. A problem with false reminders is that they can lead occupants to disregard or attempt to circumvent the system, defeating the purpose of such systems. Alternatively (or in addition), NHTSA could specify that a rear seat would be considered occupied when an occupant who weighs at least 21 kg (46.5 lb), and is at least 114 cm (45 in) tall is seated there. With occupant detection, a warning system can provide more informative warnings. NHTSA has, over time, used a variety of strategies to increase seat belt use, including sponsoring national media campaigns, providing assistance to states enacting seat belt use laws and high-visibility enforcement campaigns, and facilitating or requiring vehicle-based strategies. When submitting comments, please remember to: For additional guidance on submitting effective comments, visit: https://www.regulations.gov/docs/Tips_For_Submitting_Effective_Comments.pdf. 0000028314 00000 n WebSingle-vehicle crashes represent the largest percentage of both unbelted KA and KABCO crashes; however, single-vehicle is over-represented in unbelted KA crashes (51.0 30. [94], A rear seat belt warning system can increase rear seat belt use in two ways: It can remind a rear seat occupant to fasten his or her belt, and it can inform the driver that a passenger is unbuckled, so that the driver can request the occupant to fasten their belt. What should the minimum duration of a visual warning be? Describe any assumptions you make and provide any technical information and/or data that you used. xref The warning requirements for automatic belts in S4.5.3 mirror, with some differences, the first compliance option. For systems with occupant detection on all rear seating positions, the visual signal does not need to indicate the number of seat belts in use or not in use, but the signal must remain active if a seat belt remains unfastened on any of the occupied seats in the rear. Federal Register provide legal notice to the public and judicial notice [47] <<08FCF4AED071BB4AACC775D7A20B7BBA>]/Prev 670294/XRefStm 2926>> include documents scheduled for later issues, at the request 2019-20644 Filed 9-26-19; 8:45 am], updated on 4:15 PM on Friday, April 28, 2023, updated on 8:45 AM on Friday, April 28, 2023, 126 documents Next, for the type(s) of occupants upon which the criteria are based, what should the criteria be? As discussed above, Congress enacted this restriction in 1974. 0000031013 00000 n WebOption 1 - Combination of Perpendicular and Oblique Rigid Barrier Tests: The first option is the unbelted rigid barrier test of impact speed 0 to 48 kmph and impact angle 0 to 30o. Wandering eyes and a basic lack of attention to the road _________ the potential for a collision. NHTSA-2002-13226. Consumer acceptance of any eventual seat belt warning requirements is an important consideration, given the potential safety benefits of rear seat belt warnings, the history of seat belt warning technologies, and the fact that consumers have not yet had widespread exposure to rear seat belt warnings. 0000007371 00000 n The vehicles with seat belt warning systems were Volvos and certain Cadillac and Chevrolet models. Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), Public Law 112-141 (2012). Public Law 109-59, 10306 (2005). See also Buckling Up: Technologies to Increase Seat Belt Use. [FR Doc. 208 in 1974 to require that only the driver seating position be equipped with a seat belt warning system providing a visual and audible warning, with the audible warning not lasting longer than eight seconds. If your shoulder restraints keep hitting you in the ear or in the neck, consult your owners manual on how to adjust the the height of the safety belts. 0000031774 00000 n Seat belts reduce the risk of fatality for rear outboard occupants by 54 percent (passenger cars) and 75 percent (light trucks and vans), and for center occupants, by 58 percent (passenger cars) and 75 percent (light trucks and vans).[10]. Paul Schroeder & Melanie Wilbur, Survey of Principal Drivers of Vehicles with a Rear Seat Belt Reminder System. The study covered several states in different parts of the country. [27] Electrical Connection Requirements. The results of NHTSA's research are discussed in more detail in Section VI.A and VI.C-D. trucks and multipurpose passenger vehicles (MPVs) with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 4,536 kilograms (kg) (10,000 pounds (lb)) or less (except for some compliance options which do not require the warning);[21] ]';~,v7['.v&Z-Mf]PGW#^fU;$Q:FHo>qhp-^J9M0*EIdCH_"g2Zd\nJCCPbk+3n*]*1n-J"HMrGR> 3H^ V)FaV"kh You may Start Printed Page 51077send mail to these officials at: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590. Even for seats where the connections are automatically established when the seat is reinstalled, the automatic connectors might malfunction and a proper connection may not be made. Acceptability and Potential Effectiveness of Enhanced Seat Belt Reminder System Features. For example, NHTSA might provide recognition through NCAP for vehicles equipped with a rear seat belt warning system. The front occupant visual signal must remain active until the seat belt is fastened. 208 requires a seat belt warning system for the driver's seat, but not other seating positions. [28] . DOT HS 811 206. a) a good level of attention The first level warning consists of a visual warning that is active for at least 30 seconds when any occupied front seat has an unfastened seat belt. 18-20. Passenger vehicles with more than one person. NHTSA could also issue voluntary guidelines for manufacturers. documents in the last year, 1407 Calculated from Boyle & Lampkin, supra, p. 11 (Fig. As part of the research for the report, NHTSA conducted a limited number of focus group interviews with part-time and hard-core non-users. Alcohol-related crashes cost society $44 billion annually. The belt was buckled before the occupant sat in the seat. In 2001, the House Committee on Appropriations directed NHTSA to contract with the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a study on the benefits and acceptability of minimally intrusive vehicle technologies to increase seat belt use. N. Lerner et al. Toyota introduced rear seat belt warning systems in several MY 2017 vehicles and increased the number of equipped vehicles in MY 2018. Content-Type: application/pdf 39-40, 61; Boyle & Lampkin, supra, pp. 6. 0000046752 00000 n However, many of the technologies discussed in this ANPRM are currently in use, either for front seat passengers or, in more limited models, rear seat passengers. 13. Seat belt interlocks prevent starting or operating a motor vehicle if an occupant is not using a seat belt. It is not an official legal edition of the Federal The OFR/GPO partnership is committed to presenting accurate and reliable The 2004 Transportation Research Board Report on technologies to increase seat belt use observed that, while limited, the data available to date provide strongly converging evidence in support of both the potential effectiveness and consumer acceptance of many new seat belt use technologies[. Illegal window tinting. Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML [19], The standard currently requires a seat belt warning for the driver's seat belt on passenger cars;[20] [67] NOPUS observations are made during daylight hours and are not necessarily representative of high-risk driving times when belt use may be lower. For example, should NTHSA propose requirements for the color of the telltale, required text, pictorial vs. alphanumeric, or whether it flashes? The thrill of danger Most recently, in 2017, front seat belt use was 89.7 percent, while rear seat belt use was only 75.4 percent, a difference of 14.3 percent. Except for change of status events, the system may allow the driver to acknowledge the signal for rear seats and switch it off. One of the two collisions that happen in a crash is: The increase of speed is a squared relationship. NHTSA also seeks comment on proposing multiple compliance options for the warning system requirements. (2019, February). One scenario is when the driver uses a remote engine starter so that the initial warning activates before the driver (and perhaps the rear seat occupants) are in the vehicle. DOT HS 812 593). 27. GM also offered rear seat belt warning systems as standard equipment in the United States (starting in MY 2010 for the Cadillac SRX and MY 2011 for the Volt) and such systems were offered on the Cadillac MY 2016 XTS and MY 2015 ELR, as well as the MY 2016 Chevy SS. Some of the reasons that your driving privilege could be revoked are _______. Please note that pursuant to the Data Quality Act, in order for substantive data to be relied on and used by NHTSA, it must meet the information quality standards set forth in the OMB and DOT Data Quality Act guidelines. and that the data regarding acceptance so far are limited, subjective, and anecdotal.[71] The second level warning is triggered by threshold criteria based on distance traveled, speed, or duration of travel, which are determined by the manufacturer. More information and documentation can be found in our NHTSA has not subsequently amended FMVSS No. Euro NCAP specifies at least a 90 second visual signal for the front seats and only a 60 second visual signal for the rear seats in order to earn bonus points. 0000010516 00000 n How much more complex or expensive would they be? Open for Comment, Applications for New Awards-American History and Civics Education National Activities Program, Economic Sanctions & Foreign Assets Control, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Salmonella in Not-Ready-To-Eat Breaded Stuffed Chicken Products, Authority To Order the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty To Address International Drug Trafficking, Revitalizing Our Nation's Commitment to Environmental Justice for All, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Current Driver's Seat Belt Warning Requirements, NHTSA Experience in the 1970s: Consumer Backlash Against Seat Belt Interlock and Subsequent Statutory Limitation on Belt Warning Requirements, IV. About 13 percent of model year (MY) 2019 vehicles sold in the United States came equipped with a rear seat belt warning system. Would that sound, perhaps augmented, serve as an effective notice to the driver that a rear-seat occupant had buckled the belt, or the lack of such sound indicate that a rear-seat occupant had not buckled the belt? Good drivers have a quiet level of efficiency in their actions. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Vehicle Model Year Fatalities/MRVY migraine headaches [92] MAP-21 instructs NHTSA to initiate a rulemaking proceeding for a rear seat belt warning system and to issue a final rule if it would meet the requirements in section 30111 of the Safety Act. If NHTSA were to propose requirements for a warning that is similar to existing seat belt warnings, should the warning be visual-only (e.g., a telltale displaying text or icons), audio-only, or audio-Start Printed Page 51083visual? B.) Approximately 37,000+ people die annually on the roads of the United States. How would the costs and benefits of such a warning compare to more traditional types of warnings? [29] This document has been published in the Federal Register. 0000046473 00000 n [79] 0000003571 00000 n when you grip the steering wheel you should place your hands on the steering wheel at the 3 and 9 or 4 and 8 o'clock positions to allow room for air bags to deploy. ECE Regulation No. 9. Because, unlike NOPUS, it is not observational, the MVOSS is not the best indicator of national belt use. Mark Freedman et al. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration [hereinafter DOT 2007 Acceptability Study]. 0000018071 00000 n [97] %%EOF 0000019826 00000 n awards points for front and rear seat belt reminder systems (SBRSs) as part of their Safety Assist score. The agency received 26 comments. 15. The signal may also potentially prevent children from unbuckling their seat belts. Paul Schroeder & Melanie Wilbur. To the extent possible, we will also consider comments filed after the closing date. b) accurate observation. The occupant is repositioned to a location within the air bag deployment path just prior to deployment by a pre-impact or at-impact event. L. 112-141) directs the Secretary[5] For example, among drivers of vehicles with a rear seat belt warning, approximately 80 percent were satisfied with the system and 65 percent reported that the rear seat belt warning made it easier to encourage rear seat passengers to buckle up. If you maintain your motor vehicle it will: Unbelted vehicle occupants reach 0 mph by striking the windshield, steering column and dashboard. With respect to school buses, we acknowledge that a rear seat belt warning requirement might place additional cost burdens on school systems, given that such cost can lead to reductions in school bus service, resulting in greater risk to students. 50. on This might be addressed by programming the system to require input from door or occupant sensors to verify that the driver is in the vehicle. The petitioners noted that primary enforcement laws typically do not cover rear seat occupants and asserted that studies have proven that warnings for rear seat belts significantly increase rear passenger seat belt use. These tools are designed to help you understand the official document 208, as well as twenty different enhanced warning systems. Seat belts are effective in most types of crashes. 23. NHTSA-2001-9899, NHTSA-2002-13379, NHTSA-2003-14742, NHTSA-2003-15006, and NHTSA-2003-15156. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 0000000016 00000 n "|\JUe373 {Pa [49] The Euro NCAP protocol for Safety Assist systems describes which features a seat belt reminder must have to qualify for extra points. See Figure 1. We believe that occupant detection is voluntarily used in the front passenger seat to avoid having an audible warning activate for an unoccupied seat. The relevant research reports have also been placed in the docket for this rulemaking. DOT 2009 Belt Warning Study, supra, p. 8; Schroeder & Wilbur, supra, p. 33. However, when optimization was complete, the 30 and +30 and 25 mph 40% offset conditions were checked to ensure that all of the injury measures were Should the system be required to register small children that would presumably be placed in a child restraint system? The Effectiveness of Enhanced Seat Belt Reminder Systems Draft Report: Observational Field Data Collection Methodology and Findings. (Because the negative-only and full-status systems would indicate the presence of an unbuckled belt, they would probably want to avoid giving this warning unless the seat were occupied; if not, such false positives could lead the driver the disregard the warning or circumvent the system.). NHTSA could potentially establish criteria in NCAP for rear seat belt warning systems as it does for other vehicle safety features. Furthermore, when any seat belt experiences a change of status at vehicle speeds above 25 km/h, an audiovisual signal is required; the requirements for this warning are the same as for the seat belt reminder. In order to perform compliance testing on a rear seat belt warning system that uses occupant detection, should NHTSA use one or more of these dummies, or specify occupancy conditions based on one of these dummies? For example, NHTSA could specify use of the 6-year-old test dummy. To what extent should we expect increased effectiveness and benefits for a system utilizing occupant detection compared to a system without such technology? In addition, a change-of-status warning is required by the new ECE regulation No. The study found, among other things, that 81 percent of drivers of vehicles with a rear seat belt warning were very satisfied with the system warning at the beginning of a trip; less than 2 percent were dissatisfied. 0000008989 00000 n It directs the Secretary to either issue a final rule, or, if the Secretary determines that such an amendment does not meet the requirements and considerations of 49 U.S.C. WebThe Michigan No-Fault parked vehicle exception provides that only under very specific circumstances will a car accident victim be entitled to No-Fault PIP benefits after being 17. PCMAG, 20 Nov. 2022 Across the state in 2021 the seat belt compliance rate was 93.5% but unbelted occupants still accounted for over half of those killed in traffic crashes, the release said. 0000028596 00000 n In accordance with that grant and continuing with the proceeding that MAP-21 required to be initiated, the agency is publishing this Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. 2. for better understanding how a document is structured but Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, p. 89. 208 to provide a safety belt use warning system for designated seating positions in the rear seat. 30111,[43] [89] Both WebGeneral EV Charging Information. [45] NHTSA published several reports. [63] Learn more here. To ensure that your comments are correctly filed in the Docket, please include the Docket Number found in the heading of this document in your comments. According to data from NHTSA's National Occupant Protection Use Survey, from 2006 to 2017, seat belt use was consistently lower in rear seats than in front seats, with the lowest difference of 6.2 percent in 2007 and the highest difference of 15.6 percent in 2006. For complete information about, and access to, our official publications 71. (An enhanced warning system is one with visual and/or audible warning signals that exceed the maximum durations specified in S7.3, and/or that applies to seating positions other than the driver's seat). Similarly, an audible or visual warning of a change in the status of rear seat belts could be either electronic or mechanical and could include a haptic signal. 10. Survey of Principal Drivers of Vehicles with a Rear Seat Belt Reminder System. Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety (49 U.S.C. The study found, among other things, that about one quarter of drivers (24%) of vehicles equipped with a rear seat belt warning system noticed an increase in rear seat belt use. As it continues with this proceeding, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) seeks comment on a variety of issues related to a requirement for a rear seat belt warning system, including potential requirements for such systems, the vehicles to which they should apply, their effectiveness, the likely consumer acceptance, and the associated costs and benefits. a. Ba(NO3)2\mathrm{Ba}\left(\mathrm{NO}_3\right)_2Ba(NO3)2 The President of the United States communicates information on holidays, commemorations, special observances, trade, and policy through Proclamations. 98. An occupant detection system in the rear seat may have difficulty detecting a child restraint system. Many in the child passenger safety community refer to the child restraint anchorage system as the LATCH system, an abbreviation of the phrase Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children. The term was developed by a group of manufacturers and retailers for use in educating consumers on the availability and use of the anchorage system and for marketing purposes. DOT 2009 Belt Warning Study, supra, p. 21. NHTSA also seeks comment on the potential for false warnings, and how this might be addressed. Please note that even after the comment closing date, we will continue to file relevant information in the docket as it becomes available. We also seek comment about whether a rear seat belt warning would reliably detect a child restraint system attached by a child restraint anchorage system, or LATCH.[102]. 94. Unbelted vehicle occupants reach 0 mph by striking the windshield,steering column, and dashboard. Alternatives to a visual warning (telltale) on vehicle start-up could include an audible signal, either electronic or mechanical, or a haptic warning (e.g., steering wheel or seat vibration). NHTSA seeks comment on whether, and to what degree, a rear seat belt warning would be effective. If NHTSA were to propose system requirements for occupant detection (either mandatory or as a compliance option), seat occupancy criteria might be necessary to objectively specify when a seat is occupied for the purposes of NHTSA's compliance testing. 73. NHTSA especially seeks any data related to these issues. The agency has presented a wide variety of different potential alert systems, all with different cost and effectiveness profiles, and is not at this time conducting a cost-benefit analysis on any particular approach. 208 currently requires a driver's seat belt warning with an audible warning lasting between four and eight seconds. Developing appropriate attitudes depends on recognizing that attitudes are: Approximately 100,000 police-reported crashes annually involve drowsiness and fatigue as a principal casual factor. The RFC discussed the agency's research and findings regarding requiring rear seat belt warnings and solicited comments. of the issuing agency. As the vehicle continues to deform at the beginning, the passengers are still traveling forward at the speed of the vehicle. DOT HS 812 069. are not part of the published document itself. In response to the 2005 SAFETEA-LU mandate, NHTSA undertook a multi-phase research study of seat belt warnings. It recommended that rear seat belt warning systems be developed and that NHTSA undertake a broad, multi-year program of research on the effectiveness and acceptability of different seat belt warning systems to establish a basis for future regulation. We will consider all comments received before the close of business on the comment closing date indicated above. Where should the visual warning be located, especially with respect to the rear passenger, if such a telltale were appropriate? Can we expect more or less of an increase than the 3-4% increase for enhanced front warnings? Seat occupancy criteria. Euro NCAP specifies that, if there is no occupant detection, only a 60 second visual signal is needed for the rear warning in order to earn bonus points, and the new ECE regulation also only requires a 60 second visual signal for the rear warning. 68 FR 46262 (Aug. 5, 2003). It has also been pointed out that the research on seat belt use and acceptability among drivers may not be representative of situations where multiple passengers are present and that further evaluation is warranted on the annoyance and acceptance of seat belt warnings. to submit a report to Congress describing the reasons for not prescribing such a standard. Petitioners asserted that rear seat belt warnings would save hundreds of lives each year and that a large percentage of the lives saved would be children. 8. A sequential logic system would require that the belt be buckled after the seat has been occupied in order for the system to recognize the seat belt as being buckled; An occupant buckles the seat belt behind themselves. This issue might predominantly affect minivans, which make up a small percentage of the fleet. Webrestraints. Key Findings Fifty-one percent of passenger vehicle . NHTSA also seeks comment on whether and to what extent any proposed requirements might (or should) be based upon or differ from other regulatory requirements (such as ECE requirements) or consumer information programs (such as Euro NCAP).