He alternated in the presidency with Vice President Gmez Faras four more times until 24 April 1834. As president of the Supreme Court of the conservative government, He took office as interim president of the conservative government after he was elected. WebAnswer (1 of 13): You are 163 years too late asking. Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity (see. Return to Presidential Facts Miguel Alemn Valds succeeded Avila on December 1, 1946, after winning the 1946 Mexican Presidential Election. Despite having been defeated, the conservatives appointed Zuloaga as president until 28 December, when they recognized the Regency who was seeking to reestablish the Mexican Empire. Under the Seven Laws (centralist), the chief executive was named President of the Republic. Carlos Salinas also wrote a book on neo-liberal Mexico, secured a position with the Dow Jones Company in the United States, and worked as a professor at several prestigious universities in that country. At an exchange rate of 20.94 pesos to one dollar, approximately $9,960.40 per month; the salary after taxes is listed as MXN$142,256.56 (US$6,793.53). We've created informative articles that you can come back to again and again when you have questions or want to learn more! He was appointed substitute president by Congress to conclude the 19281934 term. He assumed office via a coup against De Herrera. Half of the US presidents came from four states: Virginia, Ohio, New York and Massachusetts. Sr. D. Jos Mara Bocanegra", "Jos Mara Bocanegra asume interinamente la presidencia de la Repblica, por licencia de Vicente Guerrero", "Acuerdo del consejo de gobierno. Se deposita el gobierno provisional de la Repblica en el general D. Valentn Canalizo", "Valentn Canalizo asume la presidencia de la Repblica como sustituto de Santa Anna", "Ley. Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan both closed the border over drug-related issues that halted entry from Mexico into the United States. He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Bustamante left office to fight the rebellion of Santa Anna. That candidate then becomes President-elect. This and their constitutional powers made some political commentators describe the president as a six-year dictator, and to call this system an "imperial presidency". Former Mexican President Enrique Pea Nieto is under investigation for alleged corruption but has not been charged. Victoriano Huerta took the oath of office in Mexico at 11:25 p.m. The president, who is elected by the popular vote, is both the head of state and government and also the Commander-in-Chief of the Military forces. When elections were held in the aftermath of the coup, he was the winner of the, He was appointed interim president by Congress, after the assassination of the winner of the. Chapter III of Title III of the Constitution deals with the executive branch of government and sets forth the powers of the president, as well as the qualifications for the office. Decrees are very limited in their extent. The president and vice president did not run jointly and could be from different parties. The president of Mexico (Spanish: Presidente de Mxico), officially the president of the United Mexican States (Spanish: Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos),[2] is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. The president today is popularly elected to a single six-year term and has the power to select a cabinet, the attorney general, diplomats, high-ranking military officers, and Supreme Court justices (who serve life terms). The president is elected by direct, popular, universal suffrage. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. With the democratic reforms of recent years and fairer elections, the president's powers have been limited in fact as well as in name. They also favored a federal type of government. WebUnder the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915) was a general and war hero who reached the Presidency of Mexico in 1876. He was the second president to finish his term and peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista. This is partly because they do not want to interfere with the government of the new president and partly because they may not have a good public image. The 1997 federal congressional election saw the first opposition Chamber of Deputies ever, and the 2000 elections saw Vicente Fox of a PAN/PVEM alliance become the first opposition candidate to win an election since 1911. Omissions? Spain invaded and ruled Mexico for three centuries. Congress may issue decrees, and the President may issue decrees as well. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Mexico so far has had 88 presidents throughout all of its Republics, dating back to 1824. De la Huerta was appointed provisional president by Congress. But he was not the first to be president on that day. On 30 June 2006, Echeverra was placed under house arrest under charges of genocide for his role as Secretary of the Interior during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. Factors such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis increased cartel violence in The United States of Mexico is a federation with a presidential system of government with three levels of government. In Mexico, an individual can hold the office of President only once, even as a caretaker. How Many Mexican Immigrants Come To America Every Year? which is more than any other president. Lzaro Crdenas Lzaro Crdenas was the first president of modern-day Mexico. There were various social reforms during this revolution. No one who has held the post, even on a caretaker basis, is allowed to run or serve again. The President is the leader of a country, who holds the ultimate power to execute any duty. Institutional Revolutionary PartyNational Action PartyNational Regeneration Movement, Presidents recognized by the Conservatives, Presidents recognized by the Convention of Aguascalientes, Constitutionalist victory and restoration of democracy. Donald Trump holds the dubious honor of being the first president to be impeached twice. WebUnder the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. Martin Van Buren was the first president born in a state rather than a colony. Eight are from Virginia, seven from Ohio, five from New York and four from Massachusetts. WebTwenty-two states have produced the 45 presidents of the United States. - Richard Nixon had less success with congressional votes as his presidency evolved. The Provisional Government of 18231824 was an organization that served as the Executive in the government of Mexico after the abdication of Agustn I, monarch of Mexican Empire in 1823. Guadalupe Victoria was the first president of Mexico once the independence and abdication of Agustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, were consummated. Mexico so far has had 88 presidents throughout all of its Republics, dating back to 1824. WebMexico is a federal republic composed of 31 states and the Federal District. However, they have all the power of laws, but cannot be changed except by the power that issued them. He was appointed interim president by Juan Alvarez when he resigned. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election. According to Article 35 of the Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, the President must wear the sash at the swearing-in ceremony, when they make their annual State of the Union report to Congress, during the commemoration of the Grito de Dolores on 15 September of each year, and when they receive the diplomatic credentials of accredited foreign ambassadors and ministers. He died in 1955. The government declared Salinas the winner, leading to allegations of electoral fraud.[11]. We hope you enjoy this website. As vice president, he took office in place of Santa Anna, who was fighting the invading U.S. Army in the. Name: Lzaro Crdenas del Ro (1895 1970)Term of Office: December 1, 1934 November 30, 1940Party: National Revolutionary Party, Name: Manuel vila Camacho (1896-1955)Term of Office: December 1, 1940 November 30, 1946Party: Party of the Mexican Revolution, Name: Miguel Alemn Valds (1900 1983)Term of Office: December 1, 1946 November 30, 1952Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1889 1973)Term of Office: December 1, 1952 November 30, 1958Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Adolfo Lpez Mateos (1910 1969)Term of Office: December 1, 1958 November 30, 1964Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Gustavo Daz Ordaz (1911 1979)Term of Office: December 1, 1964 November 30, 1970Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Luis Echeverra (1922 present)Term of Office: December 1, 1970 November 30, 1976Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Jos Lpez Portillo (1920 2004)Term of Office: December 1, 1976 November 30, 1982Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Miguel de la Madrid (1934 2012)Term of Office: December 1, 1982 November 30, 1988Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1948 present)Term of Office: December 1, 1988 November 30, 1994Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Ernesto Zedillo (1951 present)Term of Office: December 1, 1994 November 30, 2000Party: Institutional Revolutionary, Name: Vicente Fox (1942 present)Term of Office: December 1, 2000 November 30, 2006Party: National Action Party, Name: Felipe Caldern (1962 present)Term of Office: December 1, 2006 November 30, 2012Party: National Action Party, Name: Enrique Pea Nieto (1966 present)Term of Office: December 1, 2012 Presently holding the office Party: Institutional Revolutionary. However, when Crdenas showed he was going to rule in fact as well as in name, Calles publicly criticized him, prompting Crdenas to have Calles escorted out of the country by military police. Return to Presidential Facts independent Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915) was a general and war hero who reached the Presidency of Mexico in 1876. The president's office may suggest a budget, but at the end of the day, it is Congress that decrees how to collect taxes and how to spend them. Web- George W. Bush was very successful with congressional votes early in his presidency. At least 88 politicians have been killed in Mexico since September By Natalie Galln and Matt Rivers, CNN Published 4:27 PM EDT, Sun May 30, 2021 Link Copied! The site has been a seat of power since the Aztec Empire, with the materials of the current building taken from the palace of the Aztec emperor Moctezuma II. A Supreme Court ruling on Vicente Fox's veto of the 2004 budget suggests that the President may have the right to veto decrees from Congress. President Valdes played a critical role in the development of the city of Acapulco. [13] In swearing-in ceremonies, the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current President of the Chamber of Deputies, who in turn gives it to the new president after the latter has sworn the oath of office. Name: Francisco Lagos Chzaro (1878 1932)Term of Office: June 10, 1915 October 10, 1915About: After resignation of Roque Gonzlez Garza, Chzaro took over. He took office as elected interim president. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! A breakdown of current and former heads of state in prison or awaiting trial in Latin America. Former Mexican President Enrique Pea Nieto is under investigation for alleged corruption but has not been charged. 'Proof of Majority') to the candidate who obtained a plurality. But, before the establishment of monarchism, there were 14 Presidents who served the office. It would be 35 years before he left office, and it took nothing less than the Mexican Revolution to dislodge him. It lasted for about a decade. It is speculated he lives in a self-imposed exile to avoid the hatred of some of his fellow members of the PRI for having acknowledged the PRI's defeat in the 2000 presidential election. Although Presidents Caldern (20062012) and Pea Nieto (20122018) were both lawyers, President Fox (20002006) studied business administration and Andrs Manuel Lpez Obrador, the current president, studied political sciences. ", "Enrique Pena Nieto wins Mexican presidential election", "Elecciones de 2000, una advertencia para el PRI en 2018", "Cmo es la nueva residencia oficial del presidente de Mxico? He assumed the presidency as the constitutionally-elected president. Se nombra presidente de la Repblica al general D. Juan Alvarez", "Es proclamado el Plan de Tacubaya, con el que los conservadores pretenden derogar la Constitucin de 1857", "El Congreso declara que dej de ser Presidente de la Repblica don Ignacio Comonfort desde el 17 de diciembre de 1857", "Tras desconocer a Comonfort, Flix Mara Zuloaga es nombrado presidente por el partido conservador", "Asume la presidencia del gobierno conservador el general Manuel Robles Pezuela", "Zuloaga nombra presidente sustituto de la Repblica a Miguel Miramn", "Jos Ignacio Pavn, presidente de la Suprema Corte, se encarga durante dos das del poder ejecutivo del gobierno conservador", "Toma posesin como presidente interino de la Repblica, Miguel Miramn. 21 of the 50 states have been the birthplace of a president. He reassumed office as provisional president when De Anaya resigned. He became provisional president when Iglesias went to exile. This was known as the Second Federal Republic. Guadalupe Victoria was the first president of Mexico once the independence and abdication of Agustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, were consummated. Answering the question of how many presidents we have had in the United States may seem simple, and the simple answer would be 46. It would be 35 years before he left office, and it took nothing less than the Mexican Revolution to dislodge him. WebThese presidents include Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998, and Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. Name: Valentn Gmez Faras (1781 1858) He assumed office as provisional president after the triumph of the federalist rebellion (Plan de la Ciudadela). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Who were the first presidents of Mexico? What Do The Colors And Symbols Of The Mexican Flag Mean? Mexico has had nearly 60 presidents since its Independence. Factors such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis increased cartel violence in Manuel vila Camacho was picked by Cardenas to run as his successor in the 1940 Mexican Presidential Election. Whoever wins a simple plurality of the national vote is elected; there is no runoff election. Until Congress names a Substitute or Interim President, the. Name: Porfirio Daz (1830 1915)Term of Office: November 28, 1876 December 6, 1876Party: Liberal Party, Name: Juan Nepomuceno Mndez (1824 1894)Term of Office: December 6, 1876 February 17, 1877Party: Liberal Party, Name: Porfirio Daz (1830 1915)Term of Office: February 17, 1877 November 30, 1880Party: Liberal Party, Name: Manuel Gonzlez Flores (1833 1893)Term of Office: December 1, 1880 November 30, 1884Party: Liberal Party, Name: Porfirio Daz (1830 1915)Term of Office: December 1, 1884 November 30, 1896Party: Partido Nacional Porfirista (National Porfirist Party), Name: Porfirio Daz (1830-1915)Term of Office: December 1, 1896 May 25, 1911Party: Partido Nacional Reeleccionista (National Reelectionist Party). [14] The President also has the use of Chapultepec Castle, formerly the imperial palace of the Second Mexican Empire, and afterwards the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1934, when Lzaro Crdenas established the presidential residence at Los Pinos. But, before the establishment of monarchism, there were 14 Presidents who served the office. Not be a secretary of state or under-secretary of state, attorney general, governor of a state, or head of the government of Mexico City, unless "separated from the post" (resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence) at least six months prior to the election. In fact, tradition called for the incumbent president to fade into the background during the campaign to elect their successor. He served as Head of the Executive Power after the resignation of Carvajal. The final decision is made in September, two months after the election.[12]. The Mexicans got their independence after the signing of the Treaty of Crdoba in 1821. The first term he was interim president during the. Sr. Presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia, para ejercer el supremo poder ejecutivo", "Anastasio Bustamante, vicepresidente con Vicente Guerrero, asume la Presidencia de la Repblica", "Melchor Mzquiz sustituye como presidente interino a Anastasio Bustamante", "Manuel Gmez Pedraza asume la presidencia de la Repblica mediante los convenios de Zavaleta", "El Sr. D. Valentn Gmez Faras, al jurar como Vicepresidente", "Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de Mxico", "Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna asume por primera vez la presidencia de Mxico", "La adiccin al poder. It was named after Plutarco Elas Calles, who was known as the Jefe Mximo. His meeting will mark the 31st time a U.S. president has met with the leader of the Catholic Church. Web- George W. Bush was very successful with congressional votes early in his presidency. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Their names are given below. Their names are given below. Contrary to what happens in many other countries, former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office, and usually lead a discreet life. Only President of Mexico to be assassinated while in office. Se declarar presidente interino D. Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga", "Nicols Bravo asume la presidencia de la Repblica", "Se concede permiso al presidente de la Repblica, para mandar en persona las fuerzas de tierra", "Manifiesto de Mariano Salas y Valentn Gmez Faras", "El General Mariano Salas toma posesin de la presidencia de la Repblica", "Se declara vigente la Constitucin de 1824", "Se declara presidente interino de la Repblica, D. Antonio Lopez de Santa-Anna", "Se declara que D. Valentn Gmez Faras queda en posesion de su encargo de vicepresidente de la Repblica", "Desemejanzas entre el lider politico y el jefe militar", "Se concede licencia al actual presidente para mandar el ejrcito, y se suprime la vicepresidencia de la Repblica", "Tropas mexicanas al mando de Pedro Mara Anaya y Manuel Rincn luchan contra las fuerzas al mando de Scott en Churubusco", "El Presidente de la Repblica, a sus compatriotas", "El general Pedro Mara Anaya asume la presidencia de la Repblica", "Tras reidas elecciones, el general Mariano Arista asume pacficamente la presidencia de la Repblica", "Juan Bautista Ceballos asume el poder ejecutivo tras la renuncia del presidente Mariano Arista", "Lpez de Santa Anna y Prez Lebrn Antonio", "Smbolos patrios de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos", "Al triunfo del Plan de Ayutla, Santa Anna sale de Mxico", "El general Rmulo Daz de la Vega asume de facto la presidencia de la Repblica", "1855 Decreto del gobierno. To submit to the Senate, the three candidates for the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and submit their resignations to the approval of licenses and Senate itself; Objecting the appointment of commissioners body that sets the guarantor Article 6. of this Constitution made by the Senate, under the terms established in this Constitution and the law; The others expressly conferred by this Constitution. Toward the end of their term, the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders, selected the PRI's candidate in the next election in a procedure known as "the tap of the finger" (Spanish: el dedazo). This renewed command helped maintain party discipline and avoided the stagnation associated with a single person holding power for decades, prompting Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa to call Mexico's political system "the perfect dictatorship" since the president's powers were cloaked by democratic practice. After disowning Comonfort, Zuloaga was appointed president by the Conservative Party. Prior to 2018, former presidents also received a lifetime pension, though they could refuse it, as Ernesto Zedillo did. He assumed the conservative presidency as substitute when Zuloaga left office. As mentioned above, they effectively chose their successor as president by personally nominating the PRI's candidate in the next election. WebThe Head of State of Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. He assumed office as provisional president when Gonzlez Garza resigned. These are the constituent state governments, the Federation union, and the local municipalities. Under the current constitution, this responsibility lies with the President of the United Mexican States, who is head of the supreme executive power of the Mexican Union. Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915) was a general and war hero who reached the Presidency of Mexico in 1876. The 1917 Constitution borrowed heavily from the Constitution of the United States, providing for a clear separation of powers while giving the president wider powers than their American counterpart. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [7] In 2000, former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43% of the popular vote,[8] Ernesto Zedillo won 48.7% of the vote in 1994,[9] and his predecessor Carlos Salinas won with a majority of 50.4% in the 1988 election.[10]. The current President of Mexico is Andrs Manuel Lpez Obrador. WebHowever, 14 presidents have visited Mexico, which is the highest number of individual presidents to visit a country, along with Italy. WebAnswer (1 of 13): You are 163 years too late asking. - Ronald Reagan had less success with House votes as his presidency evolved. The president today is popularly elected to a single six-year term and has the power to select a cabinet, the attorney general, diplomats, high-ranking military officers, and Supreme Court justices (who serve life terms). A breakdown of current and former heads of state in prison or awaiting trial in Latin America. The current president is Andrs Manuel Lpez Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018. Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire, Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, "The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States", "El viajero en Mxico: sea la capital de la Repblica, encerrada en un libro", "Decreto. The revolutionary Constitutionalist Army under the authority "First Chief" Venustiano Carranza defeated the Army of the Convention in 1915, with a new constitution drafted in 1916-17. President Manuel vila Camacho (19401946) was the last president to have been a career military officer. ", "Mxico: As quedaron los resultados oficiales de la eleccin presidencial, por cunto gan AMLO segn el INE? - Lo sucede Roque Gonzlez Garza", "Francisco Lagos Chzaro se convierte en el ltimo presidente del gobierno de la Convencin", "Adolfo de la Huerta asume presidencia provisional de la Repblica", "Pascual Ortiz Rubio sufre un atentado y resulta herido durante su toma posesin de la Presidencia de la Repblica", "Ortz Rubio renuncia a la Presidencia. The current president is Andrs Manuel Lpez Obrador, who took office on 1 December 2018. The Head of State of Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. He ruled his nation with an iron fist until 1911, when it took nothing less than the Mexican Revolution to dislodge him. An important characteristic of this system is that the new president was effectively chosen by the old one (since the PRI candidate was assured of election) but once they assumed power, the old one lost all power and influence ("no reelection" is a cornerstone of Mexican politics). On April 25, 1846, Mexican cavalry attacked a group of U.S. soldiers in the disputed zone under the command of General Zachary Taylor, killing about a dozen. But the region where the most countries have jailed or prosecuted former leaders over the last two decades is Latin America. Along with Carlos Salinas de Gortari, two other surviving former presidents (Vicente Fox and Enrique Pea Nieto) still live in Mexico. WebPresident Births by State | Presidents of the United States (POTUS) Births by State More presidents were born in Virginia than in any other state - eight. Liberal Constitutionalist PartyLaborist Party. Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title "president" until death but are rarely referred by it; they are commonly called ex-presidents. On 11 July, the Board became the Regency of the Empire. At least 88 politicians have been killed in Mexico since September By Natalie Galln and Matt Rivers, CNN Published 4:27 PM EDT, Sun May 30, 2021 Link Copied! To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met: The ban on any sort of presidential re-election dates back to the aftermath of the Porfiriato and the Mexican Revolution, which erupted after Porfirio Daz's fraudulent victory on his seventh re-election in a row. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Vargas Llosa, during the Fox administration, called this new system "The Imperfect Democracy". President Crdenas government also introduced land reforms whereby large commercial lands were distributed to the working class. After he restored federalism, he called elections. As Vice President he assumed the presidency after the conservative. Mexico so far has had 88 presidents throughout all of its Republics, dating back to 1824. Sobre que volver a ejercer el poder ejecutivo, luego que llegue a la capital, el general Santa-Anna", "Decreto del gobierno. Porfirio Diaz (President of Mexico from 1876 to 1911) still stands as a giant of Mexican history and politics. These cookies do not store any personal information. The Constitution does not establish formal academic qualifications to serve as president. Name: Eulalio Gutirrez (1881 1939)Term of Office: November 6, 1914 January 16, 1915About: Appointed as provisional president by Convention of Aguascalientes, Name: Roque Gonzlez Garza (1885 1962)Term of Office: January 16, 1915 June 10, 1915About: Appointed after exile of Eulalio Gutirrez. But the region where the most countries have jailed or prosecuted former leaders over the last two decades is Latin America. And its not just a first as if he was just some checkbox to mark in a feature list for a good and plural country, hes perhaps the most influential president in Mexican history. Presidents who handled the country in this situation in a very skillful way are listed below. Virginia: George Washington Thomas Jefferson James Madison James After the fall of dictator Porfirio Daz in 1910 following the Mexican Revolution, there was no stable government until 1929, when all the revolutionary leaders united in one political party: the National Revolutionary Party, which later changed its name to the Party of the Mexican Revolution, and is now the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Institucional). After the 1934 general election, all the presidents have completed their six-year terms. Lzaro Crdenas Lzaro Crdenas was the first president of modern-day Mexico. The Board decreed and signed the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire and appointed a regency composed of six people. They are democratically elected by the people and rule for 6 years. These challenges are heard by the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Power; after it has heard and ruled on them, the Tribunal must either declare the election invalid or certify the results of the elections in accordance to their rulings. [20] The house arrest was lifted in 2009. He was the winner of the general election in 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904 and. WebTwenty-two states have produced the 45 presidents of the United States. Name: Valentn Gmez Faras (1781 1858) The day began with Francisco Madero as the president, but he was deposed in a military coup. Manuel vila Camacho retired at the end of his term on November 30, 1946. Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty years. In conducting such a policy, the Chief Executive shall observe the following normative principles: self-determination of peoples; nonintervention; the peaceful settlement of disputes; the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations; the legal equality of States; international cooperation for development; respect, protection and promotion of human rights and the struggle for international peace and security; Convene Congress into special session, when agreed by the Standing Committee; Provide the judiciary the aid they need for the expeditious exercise of its functions; Enable all classes of ports, establish maritime and border customs and designate their location; Grant, according to law, pardons to criminals convicted of crimes jurisdiction of the federal courts; Grant exclusive privileges for a limited time, in accordance with the respective law, to discoverers, inventors or perfectors in any branch of industry; When the Senate is not in session, the President of the Republic may make appointments mentioned in sections III, IV and IX, with the approval of the Standing Committee; At any time, opt for a coalition government with one or more of the political parties represented in Congress. The constitution and the office of the president closely follow the presidential system of government. Abelardo L. Rodrguez was then appointed Interim President to fill out the remainder of Ortiz Rubio's term (under current law Rodrguez would be Substitute President, but at the time there was no distinction between Interim, Substitute, and Provisional presidents).